July 31, 2020 | Adamas University

Impact of COVID-19 on Climate Change: A Hope for Better Future?

Human civilization over the entire globe is going through a critical period due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Even at the beginning of year 2020, it was impossible to imagine a situation where over the greater part of the world population is confined at home, the roads and highways are almost empty, most of the airplanes are grounded at airports, railway stations are empty and most of the production factories halt their productions. However, that is the present scenario the world is experiencing. The COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in China. With time, it has spread in more than 188 countries and territories around the globe. The World Health Organization declared it as a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. Everyday, the death toll due to this pandemic is making a new record. As of July 29, 2020 roughly 1.7 crore people got infected and 6.6 lakh died world-wide. In India, the numbers are around 15.4 lakh and 34.3 thousand respectively. Most of the countries employed various majors including different levels of lockdowns and restrictions to contain the outbreak of COVID-19. All of a sudden the human race all over the world felt a sudden jerk. Almost every sector, except the health and security and emergency services, suddenly experienced a rapid slowdown.

COVID-19 impact on climate:

The slowdown in different sectors has an important consequence on the climate change scenario. The pandemic leads to the largest drop in the global CO₂ emission in history. Confinement of population at home drastically reduced the use of transport, consumption of energy and industrial activities. In fact, energy production (~44%), industry (~22%) and surface transport (~21%) are the main sources of CO₂emission. According to the April 2020 report published by International Energy Agency (IEA), Global CO₂ emissions are expected to decline by 8%, or almost 2.6 gigatonnes (Gt), to levels of 10 years ago. According to that report, “Such a reduction would be the largest ever, six times larger than the previous record reduction of 0.4 Gt in 2009 due to the financial crisis and twice as large as the combined total of all previous reductions since the end of World War II.” A recent study published in Nature Climate Change journal indicated a decrease in daily global fossil CO₂emission by around 17% (~17 metric tons) by the early April 2020 in comparison to the mean (100 metric tons) 2019 levels.

The reduction in CO₂emission due to COVID-19 is not completely unexpected. In history, whenever any global disaster (including economic crisis, epidemic or natural disaster) had a huge impact on the global economy or human health, a temporary downfall was observed in the curve of carbon emission. However, the impact of COVID-19 will certainly go far away than all the previous records.

Evolution of global energy-related CO₂ emission (in Gt): (top) annual emissions, and (bottom) annual change. The red dot in the top panel and the red bar in the bottom panel are the respective projected values for 2020. All the global crises in the history led to temporary drops in the emission. Source: Carbon Brief Report

Can COVID-19 solve the climate crisis?

Now the most relevant question arises is: can this drop of CO₂emission due to COVID-19 solve the climate crisis? The answer is no. Of course this emission drop will have some impact, but that is not sufficient to stop the climate crisis in the long term. This is completely a temporary situation, and could not be a sustainable solution. Longer lock-down results in greater reduction of emission. The period and level of lockdown will depend upon the consequences of COVID-19 in the upcoming days. Practically hard lockdown can not sustain for a longer duration due to socio-economic reasons. With time, everything will slowly get back to their normal pace, and the CO₂emission is expected to follow its pre-COVID footprint. Basically, it would be the same system that was functioning before the pandemic, which temporarily slowed down for some time. In fact, most of countries have already withdrawn several restrictions.

If we look back in the history, the footprints of all the earlier global crises in reducing CO₂emission were temporary, and the emission levels were restored after end of the crises. This would also be the case for the present pandemic.

The short-term reduction in emission will hardly reduce the present CO₂concentration in the atmosphere. The present concentration not only depends on the emission of the present year, but also the cumulative impact of emissions from all the previous years. According to the Global Carbon Budget 2019, the CO₂concentration in air was 408.38±0.1 ppm in 2018, which was approximately 277 ppm in 1750, at the beginning of the industrial era. According to this Budget, the energy-related CO₂ emission was raised from 9.3 Gt in 1960 to the projected value of around 36.8±1.8 Gt in 2019. This indicates the 2.6 Gt reduction in CO₂emission is not enough to solve the climate crisis. To reduce the CO₂concentration in the atmosphere, the total emission needs to be smaller than the absorption. And of course, that process needs to be continued for several years. Note that, a major portion of the atmospheric CO₂is absorbed primarily by ocean, land and forest. So, increasing emission is significantly affecting the health of the ocean and land as well.

Future steps

In order to restrict climate change over the long term scenario, we must move to a sustainable solution, which was committed by various countries during the 2015 Paris Agreement. To avoid devastating impact of climate change, the countries committed to pursue efforts to restrict global average temperature to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. To achieve this commitment, the emission needs to be dropped by 7.6% every year in this decade. But unfortunately, the emission never reduced in the subsequent years after the agreement; rather it increased by 1.5% in 2017, 2.1% in 2018 and is projected to increase 0.6% in 2019.

The projected CO₂ emission drop of 8% due to COVID-19 would fulfill the target for this year. But, for the upcoming years, we have to take the responsibility to fulfill our commitment following the pathways recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

The COVID-19 might have a good consequence in reducing CO₂ emission, but at the same time, it has made serious damage in the economic health of the countries. Recovering the economy would again increase the emission. Therefore, each step towards economic recovery would be very crucial. We have to restore the broken health of the economy but keeping in mind our commitment towards restricting climate change. We need to find ways for a green economic recovery that would not deviate from our commitment to save the climate. We need to decide steps to execute plans in action and turn ambition into reality.

We all want to save the climate of this planet, but of course not through a pandemic. It is very difficult, but still we can succeed to save our climate only if we respect our commitments. Otherwise, our resolution made during the Paris Agreement will never turn into reality. That would probably be our biggest failure to present a better climate to our future generations.

#PositiveCorona : “Don’t feel depressed before being actually into it”- Positive thinking is an important survival strategy for today’s world.

Student Contributor: Debjani Gupta, B.Sc. 1^st Year Biotechnology.

Ever wondered why everything does not work in a way that we think or plan? Why it does affect us so much? The most paramount ground is our fragmentary philosophical sense. We often lack comprehensive relevant thoughts that restrict us from extensive rational thinking. We plan out the events the way that pleases us and then followed by our theory about the sequences of action. All of that happens on a faster time scale, and then it becomes very difficult to judge whether our choice of action is virtual or lack sense.

Our brain cells share different kinds of information using a variety of brain waves, analogous to the way radio stations broadcast on different frequencies. The way we take things inside the brain, it has an adjacent way of publishing it.

Depression, it just a stain that is native to ignorance, preconception, and distress creating a great complication in life and moulding out a state where we often choose to suffer mental agony and undergo adverse stress. It is such a crippling affliction of the nervous system which affects our thinking pattern and how we feel or react to any situation. It is not just only a feeling of dejection but also takes away our will to live. In a way injuring our hypothetical backbone of self-control and resolution towards life. It is just a game played by our nerve cell connection and unfortunately, it wins, but only then when we assist in it. We need to be strong enough to defend ourselves against our uncooperative notions.

“In sooth, I know not why I am so sad: It wearies me; you say it wearies you; But how I caught it, found it, or came by it, What stuff ’tis made of, whereof it is born, I am to learn, And such a want-wit sadness makes of me, That I have much ado to know myself.” He says he does not know why he is depressed. This famous quote by William Shakespeare has so relevant in today’s world and even in this 21st century, we are unable or fail to notice our cause of desolation?

Well, when we look through the science behind depression, a chemical imbalance may not be the only reason, rather also the fault in controlling our mood, unshielded genetic problems, medical problems and most importantly stressful pressurized life also play a severe role in the creation of this deadly devil, i.e. depression. Emotions and mood are just like friends in demand and calls each other as a helping hand. Emotions decide our mood and mood decides our state of mind. The mood is typically regulated in brain and research suggests that depression is an impact of mood and that the nerve cells connection and their functioning have a great influence on depression.

Our mental condition gets restricted or compressed just similar to what happens in a computer when a file is compressed and then store. Just like digital compression, when we try to assemble all our memories and thoughts and things happen in life or we try to imagine the upcoming consequences, then that becomes very perplexing and dreadful. A compressed file always has less reach than the details found in the source material.

Brain cells produce an extended degree of neurotransmitters that regulates our sense, memory, and also a fine-tuner regulating our mood. The oversensitive or insensitive receptors adjust the release of neurotransmitters. There is also the influence of genetic and hereditary contribution that causes depression.

But all of it starts when we fail to challenge and confront our own gloomy and contradictory feelings that clench and seize us from all possible ways and snatches all our power and will to defend and fight in such a depressing situation. In these dire circumstances, the most important thing to think about is not to think too much about depression. Feeling depressed before being actually into it, makes oneself more prone and victim to it and imposing a step ahead of it. So, the only way out of this deadly slow-progressing psychological situation is to practice Positive thinking. Now, the most relevant question to us or to everyone what we mean by Positive thinking? It is an attitude to train your mind to develop a positive outlook to any or every kind of problem we face in our daily life, it does not make any difference that whether the situation is favorable or not, but we need to develop our basic thinking in such a way that we can only expect or hope for the betterment and try to focus on the good in any given situation. It has been already proven by several studies that positive thinking plays a crucial role in improving both mental and physical health. We always need to remind ourselves that this situation will no longer stay forever and “this too shall pass”. It is one of the kinds of fight back mechanisms, we need to practice to combat any unpleasant situation, which may be one of the survival strategies for today’s world and we always need to remember this particular famous quote….

“According to Darwin’s Origin of Species, it is not the most intellectual of the species that survives; it is not the strongest that survives; but the species that survives is the one that is able best to adapt and adjust to the changing environment in which it finds itself.”

and that adaptation is positive thinking in this ever-changing world. It is the best adjustment that one can do in this situation. So, be always positive and think optimistic.

#LanguageNext: Directions in English Language Teaching

As a discipline of studies that effectively unites academia and industry, ELT or English Language Teaching has always fascinated all of us who are privileged to teach as well as research in the field of Applied Linguistics. For quite some time I have been actively engaged in exploring the evolving trends of ELT worldwide as well as in the Indian context and this article reflects on my views regarding the radical mutation that teaching the language, esp. English has undergone in the last few months.

Stories and histories

Though ELT in India has a history as old as the nation’s colonial past, the scope of the subject in addressing issues of employability has been recognized only in present times, more specifically in the last few decades. Along with most other public and private sectors undergoing a transformation due to globalization and economic liberalization in the country during the 1990s, there was an extensive change in the educational scenario- an event that placed ELT in the limelight. Terms like ESP, EFL, TESOL, TEFL (suddenly) became synonymous with international job opportunities. Organizations like British Council, India and Regional English Language Office (RELO, US) became major players in spreading awareness of the results of outcome-based education integral to ELT by opening their doors to fellowships, research and case-studies, projects and training programs.

Winds of change

In the past few years, with TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) gradually emerging as a global game changer in employment scenario, the expansive scope of ELT has been acknowledged by educational regulatory bodies in India like the University Grants Commission that has included it as a skill-enhancement course in the Undergraduate studies in English in CBCS mode. English departments across the nation are gearing up to equip themselves in providing functional linguistic skill to the learners. Researchers are being funded in this discipline to find loopholes in existing language theories and curriculum, design roadmaps to direct teachers and learners towards a better understanding and utilization of the targeted skills. In a nutshell, recognition of the multidisciplinary context, skill-based pedagogy and outcome-driven approach of this discipline and its integral role in the burgeoning service industry has made a degree in ELT no less than Wonka’s ‘golden ticket’.

Adapt to survive, survive to adapt

The year 2020 will always be remembered for the unprecedented global crisis caused due to the Coronavirus pandemic. However, this year will also be noted for humanity’s defensive war-cry, the fight to survive, to exist, and to not “go gentle into that good night”. Nations in ‘lockdown’ situation have rapidly responded to changing situations by digitizing their daily transactions, communications and most significantly, the educational platforms. With classrooms going online and teachers and students collaboratively creating knowledge in a simulated, digital medium, education has undergone a paradigmatic and perceptual shift.

Expanded beyond its physical ‘brick and mortar’ existence, classrooms are now digital interfaces for knowledge interchange.

Interestingly, researchers, curriculum designers and ELT practitioners across the globe have advocated blended learning and flipped classrooms for more than a decade now. The present situation has left educational institutions with no choice but to reconstruct the classrooms and revise the pedagogy. What was earlier in synchrony with classroom learning in a physical space has become the only feasible site for continuing education in ‘covided’ times.

Future perfect!

Attending academic webinars and professional workshops related to English language teaching in the last two months have exposed me to discussions and deliberations regarding envisioning future directions in this discipline. A major section of ELT practitioners believe that digital literacy is going to play a crucial role in ELT as well as education in general. Even after the lockdown is lifted and students start coming to the campus, digital classrooms are going to be a part of the ‘new normal’.

Collaborative Learning is the future of any form of learning: Education during Covid-19 crisis has hinged on the collaborative enterprise of students and teachers communicating, sharing ideas and constructing a knowledge base. English language teaching in the near future will not only experience an increased collaboration among facilitators for developing materials and assessment tools but also increased use of collaborative tools and techniques in classroom pedagogy. Collaborative reading and writing skills will be targeted by language instructors.

Exploring Cyberspace: Cyberspace will be widely used for conducting language classes with increased inclusion of diverse digital tools. Teachers are already exploring digital platforms and tools to refashion and redesign their language curriculum and reaping the benefits of the pool of resources. As envisioned, there will be an increase in facilitators using digital tools to design their curriculum and teaching materials, for example, use of graphics, animations in lectures and video lectures and devising innovative assessment techniques.

Blending authentic tasks in digital learning: Situated learning or learning by means of engagement in authentic tasks is already considered an effective way of language learning. What is interesting is the way ELT practitioners are blending authentic tasks in digital medium by breaking the fourth wall. Teleconferencing media is playing and will continue to play an integral role in simulating zones of proximal development.

What is clear from discussions and deliberations regarding the future direction of ELT are the increased use of digital domain in the context of teaching-learning and reconstruction of the curriculum to include the digital space. As for the future of the discipline, well, with the ever-increasing need for proficiency in functional language skills in the ever-increasing, shape-shifting capitalist economy, ELT will continue to play a pivotal role in imparting need-based, skill-oriented training and facilitating outcome-driven education.

Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD): How proteins are the cornucopia of medicinal chemistry

Medicinal Chemistry is a subject that might sound elusive even to a number of graduate laypersons. While the name itself is quite lucid, a chemistry related to medicine, a few thoughts later, it can be quite confusing as well. Is it a specialized field of organic chemistry? Or does it deal with biochemistry? Why would a person require to study or specialize into such field? These questions are rational and may come to the mind even to a young pharmacy freshman year student. The subject is basically a wonderful and eclectic blend of all the subject mentioned above and much more. It has organic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, quantum chemistry and a great amount of mathematic and computation that qualified and experienced medicinal chemists may conjure up from their sleeves to address the conundrums of human health.

The discovery of drug is a tedious process that involves a great number of resources involved. While the core brunches of chemistry focuses on the novelty and science of a method/ process, medicinal chemistry focuses a lot more on the out come of the research. Therefore, not only science, the other aspect of technology such as process optimization and cost reduction are important focus for them. Medicinal chemists prepare and/or select appropriate compounds for biological evaluation that, if found to be active, could serve as LEAD COMPOUNDS. They then evaluate the STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS (SARs) of analogous compounds with regard to their in vitro and in vivo efficacy and safety. Today, medicinal chemists who are engaged in drug discovery are part of interdisciplinary teams, and must therefore understand not only the field of organic chemistry, but also a range of other disciplines to anticipate problems and interpret developments to help move the project forward.A more recent approach to this technique is using QSAR or Quantitative SAR, where manual exploration of SAR is replaced with computer based studies and also with seeming unrelated compounds. These studies can help explore physio-chemical properties of drugs that was previously impossible to explore.

The modern medicinal chemist, although part of a team, has a particularly crucial role in the early phases of drug discovery. The chemist, trained to prepare new chemicals and with an acquired knowledge of the target disease and of competitive drug therapies, has an important part in framing the hypothesis for the new drug project, which then sets the objectives for the project. The chemist also helps to decide which existing chemicals to screen for a lead compound and which screening hits need to be re-synthesized for biological evaluation. Purification and proper characterization of the new chemicals is also the responsibility of the chemist. When an in vitro ‘HIT’ is identified, the chemist decides on what analogous compounds should be obtained or synthesized to explore the SARs for the structural family of compounds in an effort to maximize the desired activity. Developing in vivo activity for the hit compound in an appropriate animal model is also mainly the responsibility of the chemist. This can often be one of the most difficult steps to accomplish because several factors, such as absorbability, distribution in vivo, rate of metabolism and rate of excretion (ADME), all present hurdles for the chemist to solve in the design and preparation of new, analogous chemicals for testing. The goal at this stage is to maximize efficacy while minimizing side effects in an animal model.

Structure-based drug design is one of several methods in the rational drug design toolbox. This time of drug designing strategies differ significantly from the a ligand based drug design where a particular target or structure of the protein is unknown and the only way is to explore is through the activity profile of the ligands or the small molecules. Drug targets are typically key molecules involved in a specific metabolic or cell signaling pathway that is known, or believed, to be related to a particular disease state. Drug targets are most often proteins and enzymes in these pathways. Drug compounds are designed to inhibit, restore or otherwise modify the structure and behaviour of disease-related proteins and enzymes. SBDD uses the known 3D geometrical shape or structure of proteins to assist in the development of new drug compounds. The 3D structure of protein targets is most often derived from x-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. X-ray and NMR methods can resolve the structure of proteins to a resolution of a few angstroms (about 500,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair). At this level of resolution, researchers can precisely examine the interactions between atoms in protein targets and atoms in potential drug compounds that bind to the proteins. This ability to work at high resolution with both proteins and drug compounds makes SBDD one of the most powerful methods in drug design.The beauty of the SBDD method is the extremely high level of detail that it reveals about how drug compounds and their protein targets interact.

Docking Ligands: One of the key benefits of SBDD methods is the exceptional capability it provides for docking putative drug compounds (ligands) in the active site of target proteins. Most proteins contain pockets, cavities, surface depressions and other geometrical regions where small-molecule compounds can easily bind. With high-resolution x-ray and NMR structures for proteins and ligands, researchers can show precisely how ligands orient themselves in protein active sites. Open source bioinformatics tools such as VMD and NAMD, for example, help scientists examine multiple binding poses to determine which orientation is most likely to occur.

Furthermore, it’s well known that proteins are often flexible molecules that adjust their shape to accommodate bound ligands. In a process called molecular dynamics, SBDD allows researchers to dock ligands into protein active sites and then visualize how much movement occurs in amino acid side chains during the docking process. In some cases, there is almost no movement at all (i.e., rigid-body docking); in other cases, such as with the HIV-1 protease enzyme, there is substantial movement. Flexible docking can have profound implications for designing small-molecule ligands so this is an important feature in SBDD methods.

Lead Optimization: After a number of lead compounds have been found, SBDD techniques are especially effective in refining their 3D structures to improve binding to protein active sites, a process known as lead optimization. In lead optimization researchers systematically modify the structure of the lead compound, docking each specific configuration of a drug compound in a protein’s active site, and then testing how well each configuration binds to the site. In a common lead optimization method known as bioisosteric replacement, specific functional groups in a ligand are substituted for other groups to improve the binding characteristics of the ligand. With SBDD researchers can examine the various bioisosteres and their docking configurations, choosing only those that bind well in the active site. A few examples of bioinformatics tools that aid in lead optimization efforts are BIOSTER, WABE, and ClassPharmer Suite.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin out of serendipity. Clinical trials did not exist even 40 years ago. While discovery and official sanction of drugs were much easier process back in the previous century, those have resulted into diabolical outcomes as well which we may see with use of thiazides and teratogenicity. Therefore, the responsibility of the medicinal chemistry is not only to find an ‘effective’ drug but to provide a ‘safe and effective’ medicine. Thus, with the advancement of biotechnology drug discovery hasbeen taken to newer dimensions, a challenge that medicinal chemists embraces with arms wide open.

For further information about SBDD please see the following references –

1) Wang R,GaoY,Lai L (2000). “LigBuilder: A Multi-Purpose Program for Structure-Based Drug Design”. Journal of Molecular Modeling 6 (7–8): 498–516.

2) Verlinde CL, Hol WG (July 1994). “Structure-based drug design: progress, results and challenges”. Structure 2 (7): 577–87.

3) Tollenaere JP (April 1996). “The role of structure-based ligand design and molecular modelling in drug discovery”. Pharm World Sci 18 (2): 56–62.

#PharmacyNext : Reasons to Choose Pharmacy as a Career

“Pharmacy is a scienceunified with art. It does not mean compounding medicine and prescription; it alsodeals withlife, which must be reciprocated before they may be chosen.”

Pharmacy is a well-versed profession witha combinationof science, health care, direct patient contact, computer technology applicationand business management. It plays a vital role in enlightening patient care through the medicine and medicine related information including from the very first stage of a drug to the formulation development.

Careers with pharmacy coursesmay offer many paybacks and opportunities. These include building career ina hospital,community, health service, pharmaceutical research, industries, nursing, government health administration, and academia.In this regard it is worthy to mention that pharmacy providefirst-rate earning probability and is constantly ranked as one of the most highly trusted professions as pharmacists offer utmost care to the patientswith their versatile services.

The Four most popular ins and outs of a student to pick pharmacy courses:

You are willinglyinterested to buildcareera healthcare, but not sure which path to choose? The following may enlighten why you may opt to pursue a career in pharmacy over other healthcare professions.

Curiosity in Chemical Biology

If you have an excellency in biology, chemistry or statistics and interested to conduct pharmaceutical research, then a callingfor pharmacy profession may be for you. Pharmacy students have both anappetite and aptitude for the subjects essential to deliver informationconcerningdosage, utilization, and dispersal of medications to human and animals.

ThirsttoAssociate with Others

Pharmacists provide direct patient-centred care considering theconnection between medical conditionsand other variables for best medications. Pharmacists also work with equals to deportment research, createnovel pharmaceutical practices within preciseentities, and team up with doctors to safeguard that patients are getting the right medications.

Craving for Elasticity in Career Choice

The diversity of career pathways that a pharmacy course can offer, is a fascinating reason students choose pharmacy school. From nuclear pharmacy, which practices radioactive drugs to curemaladies such as cancer, to veterinary pharmacy, whichkinds medication for animals; one can easily opt a career that most suits.

Unique Approach to Healthcare

Some students prefer pharmacy because they want to stay far away from typical doctoral activities because they didn’t want to interrelate with blood. If this bells true, a career in pharmacy can obligeto connect both worlds, as pharmacists one can care patients without dealing with blood.

If one cancorelate with any of the above four reasons, a career in pharmacy may be precise for his or her.

10 top Reasons why Pharmacycan offergreat JOBprospects

As per Forbes list of the best 15 healthcare jobs,Pharmacy is one of the topmost as pharmacist commands the highest median salary and the projected growth rate. However, it also has several problems.But, what field doesn’t have its problems? What career doesn’t have conflict, deplete, hiringworries, and shockvertising about salary decreases? Apart that,Pharmacy still have a great job in comparison to other career fields.Here are 10 reasons why:

Diverse career path

Pharmacists have the freedom to pick a career path that is a decent fit for them. From research, to industry, to academic, pharmacists have the plasticity to practice for and pursue the career that most closely meshes with their area of interest and preferences.

Flexibility

Since pharmacists are in call around the clock, it is possible to bargain work for any shift.

Job growth potential

Forbes talks in its recent article that the number of pharmacy jobs is expected to increase 14% by 2022. This doesn’t just mean a greater number ofjobs;it alsodirects more opportunities and probabilities for enhancement.

Salary

Though money cannot be our end goal in life. However, it’s a really nicehaving a degree that gives you a career path with less worries and more guaranteed job.

Accessibility of online resources

Anaffluence of online resources isaccessible to pharmacists, making it simpler to connect with others in the sameprofession, find information, and keep updated with latestresearch.

Close-knit communal

In spite of vast number of pharmacy graduates, the community is ratherconcise. Chances are that, everybody in the profession knows mostly everybodyand can cooperate.

Availability of mentors

To find a pharmacy mentor whoguide you along your career path is easy and communicable

Appreciatedoccupation

Whiledoctors consistently top lists of the most-respected medical professions,pharmacists are up there, too with an advanced degree.

Autonomy on the job

In most work culture, pharmacists have a lot of independence to achieve their work and time based their priorities and serve their patients.

Ability to help people

Helping people has “feel-good” benefits. Pharmacists are lucky enough to have this in a varied way.

BuildingPharmacyCareer by Choosing following courses:

A Pharmacy graduate can easily advise other health professionals as well as common peoples about the responses, interactions, adverse effects of drugs and can also help on the selection of medication and dosages.

One can pick precisely any one of the following as per own self suits:

A Diploma of Pharmacy (D. Pharm) Degree
A Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm) Degree
A Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm) Degree
A Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Degree

Diverse fundamental corner of JOB

The pharmacy profession has so many available options available. Pharmaceutical technology will offer you a job in a wider range of aspects, some major are as follows:

Hospital & Clinical Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Marketing& Business arena
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing viz, production, QC or QA
Regulatory Affairs
Pharmacovigilance
Nuclear Pharmacy
Forensic Pharmacy
ScientificContent Writing
Clinical ResearchScientist
Data Analyst or Research Analyst

Apart that a pharmacy graduates can choose to work in various administrative sector also such as may be government or private like, the Drug Implementation Administration, the Veterans Administration, the Public Health Care Service, the Armed Forces Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and many other government agencies. Pharmacists with post graduate degree can involve in teaching, research, public service, and patient care.

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