May 29, 2020 | Adamas University

“Pursuit of Happiness”: What we need to unlearn and learn post Covid-19

The pandemic Covid-19 has left many of us in house arrest, most people in the streets longing to go back home. Home, because out in the streets stripped of all dignity and security we want to be back home, possibly the perceived abode of utmost peace and security. In home, we long to go back to work because we need to earn to sustain ourselves. It is as if we are caught in a vicious cycle of perceived comfort and means of sustainability. When we are trying to access the means we need to be out and when out we need and want to come back home.

The Covid-19 phase has filled out television and smart phone screens with horror stories, newspapers with depressing headlines. Stories and news of people dying in the streets from hunger, exhaustion, dying on railway tracks, committing suicides from fear and depression and acute uncertainty. The daily updates that started with the mass exodus of migrant workers has only been consistently ongoing if not increasing. Despite government efforts the outcome remains largely humiliating which is evident from recent updates on workers dying in shramik special trains due to hunger and dehydration, kids losing their parents only to add to the incoming absolute unknown in terms of their livelihood. The possibly unavoidable lockdown has left in-numerous people jobless including both migrant workers as well as white collar job employees. We do not know what is waiting for us post lockdown, we do not know how soon things will go back to “normal” and most certainly we do not know what is waiting for us in fate called “employability” especially with the economy spiralling into recession. The year 2020 seems like a plot in one of those typical dystopian movies with unprecedented accidents piling up one after another starting with Covid-19 and then adding the cyclone, locust swarms and of course loss of lives due to sheer lack to access to resources owing to being literally on the highway.

Starting from 30^th January 2020 till 28^th May 2020, while a gradual rising curve of deaths due to Covid-19 virus challenges us in the face, there is also a rising curve of deaths during the pandemic but reasons barring the virus.

Figure 1: Deaths due to Covid-19 versus Non-Virus Deaths.

Source: https://thejeshgn.com/projects/covid19-india/non-virus-deaths/

The blue dotted line represents deaths due to Covid-19 and the red dotted line represents deaths not caused due to the virus. While unfortunately we do have a rising virus induced death curve, it is even more unfortunate to witness a slow paced but rising death curve during the pandemic phase which is in-fact not caused due to the virus which makes it all the more humiliating. To look deeper into the matter, an inspection of the cause of the deaths not caused by the virus reveals a scary picture.

Figure 2: Frequency of non-virus deaths by category Source: Same as Figure 1.

Some data collected from the source same as Figure 1 reveals the cause of deaths induced by factors during the lockdown other than the virus. Figure 2 reveals a disheartening picture where 205 people died in accidents while walking during the reverse migration, 114 people died from starvation and 120 people committed suicides due to apprehensions. Deaths induced by fatigue and lack of access to medical care remain relatively low. This scenario paints a picture of sheer failure of a nation to take care of its citizens.

The pandemic has ended up creating a bipartite disjoint world where on one hand half the sphere comprises helplessness, uncertainty and loss of life, the other half is trying hard to rise above the black waters by innovating using the age of digitization. Probably a perfect world would be one where there was an integration and co-existence of both, but reality is something hugely different. While we, the privileged middle class have the digital means to try and accustom ourselves to the “new normal” with work from home, online tutoring, online shopping and other transactions this digital life remains largely inaccessible to a majority of the Indian population. According to Census 2011 data 71 percent of households with three or more members have homes with two or less rooms. This comprises 74 percent in rural and 64 percent in urban areas. According to NSSO data 2017-18 only 42 percent of urban household has internet access and this figure is of course lower for rural areas at 15 percent. These statistics are quoted only to point out that the “new normal” of digitised living may not be normal at all for many and in taking any decision that governs lives of people, this needs to be paid serious attention.

In this context, how would be life post Covid-19? Are we going to be finally able to walk towards our perceptions of happiness? I do not really have an answer to that, and the data does not really paint a very hopeful picture.

Figure 3: India Happiness Index

Source: World Happiness Report

The Happiness ranking is part of the World Happiness Report. The country scores are based on a survey in which respondents evaluate the quality of their current lives on a scale of 0 to 10. The index scores have been consistently falling in India since 2013 and lowest in 2020 the year of the pandemic at 3.57.

The pandemic induced uncertainty revolving the livelihoods of many has left them bereft of their mental wellbeing evident from the frequency of suicides in figure 2. Adding to this, the stripping down of labour laws in some states in the guise of “labour reform” to sustain profitability of economic decisions is only likely to worsen the already scarred state of well-being. While about 90 percent of workers in India are engaged in the informal sector characterised by ill-defined or absent benefits, labour laws are a support system for labour welfare. While India has come a long way since independence with better health and education outcomes, more villages with electricity and tap water, GDP and PCI growing by 32.2 times and 8.2 times respectively since 1950[1] what we aspire for is the dignity of life. In words of Amrtya Sen’s theory of Capability, it not how much a person earns but rather what he can do with that income and the control over his material possessions that determines his state of well-being. His functionings or freedom to choose will determine his state of well-being which is in fact how well he is in terms of his personal, social and or community life. Surely we cannot expect a person to be happy with a lot of books if he cannot read them even if he has money enough to buy them all!

With the onset of the pandemic induced recession dilution of various labour laws have been initiated as an excuse to sustain the profitability of business. In states like UP, MP and Gujarat around 14 labour laws have been relaxed for three years which include the Minimum wages Act and the Industrial Disputes Act to attract investment. Relaxing the provisions of Factories Act will comprise the safety of workers and an extremely meagre sum of rupees 80 that enters the workers’ welfare fund will cease to exist in Madhya Pradesh[2].

These relaxation of labour laws will push towards greater informalisation of workers in the organized sector which in turn will lead to a drastic reduction in the security and benefits enjoyed by the workers in the formal sector. To sum up in a nutshell, a digitised world that is characterised by lack of access, reduced dignity of life, massive divide based on heterogeneity of human population, these decisions are a signal of the impending crisis that encroaches on welfare, mental health and hence happiness. Where will India stand on the happiness index scale in 2021? Probably far below 3.57 unless we learn to co-integrate, create a bridge to mend the disparate bipartite world, live close knit, unless we learn to stand up for each other, unless we learn to have our backs.

[1] https://thewire.in/economy/covid-19-pandemic-indian-labour

[2] https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/labour-law-changes-in-up-mp-a-bigger-pandemic-in-the-offing-bms-president-120050801134_1.html

THE IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Student Contributor: Miss. Moupriya Chakraborty. MSc. Biotechnology, SOLB, AU

During the period of revolutionary advancement of human civilization coronavirus attacks us unexpectedly to remind us of the third law of eminent scientist sir “ Issac Newton” – “Every action has its opposite and equal reaction”. Our impudence affects nature fatally. Nature surrounding us is being contaminated rampantly in the name of human progress. The advent of coronavirus tells all human beings to nourish the natural environment with parental care. If it is violated then the existence of human beings runs in an extinct way. It is a red alert on nature to make aware of all people in the world.

Coronavirus is an obstinate enemy. Its abridged name COVID-19. It diddles researchers and scientists changing complexion through the way of mutation. Its first advent is found in Wuhan, Hubei province in China on 31^st December 2019. From then this invisible enemy of our open eyes spreads rapidly from door to door of various countries in an epidemic form. Now it has reached the pandemic phase. The general symptoms of an infected person are cold dry cough, fever, and acute respiratory problems. Few cases are diagnosed without any symptoms.

The type of this virus is identified eleven in manners. SARS-COV-2, RNA virus is fatal. The victims of two lakhs people tell the middle of May are SARS-COV-2 over the world. The vaccine is invented so far. Lockdown is only a preventive measure to avert community infection. Wearing masks maintaining social distance, washing hands with sanitizer, enhancing immunity power, and the following hygiene should be taken to save ourselves.

In this situation, the entire world is worrying about what will be the scenario after COVID-19. What will be the human psychology after diminishing the wickedness of this pandemic disease? COVID-19 has also engulfed our human civilization in such a unique way that prangs the economy of the world along with tearing human lives. Its rapid engulfment has been reflected in human psychology and human society. The livelihood of people has been plundered abiding by the rules of lockdown. Naturally, human psychology and society are affected.

Mental health and psychological resilience after the COVID-19 pandemic:

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is spreading throughout the World resulting in deep concern, mental stress, and fear all of which are not unnatural or abnormal reactions in this grave situation. As the situations are changing, more and more uncertainty is spreading its wings, every person of the society being affected deeply by the changing surroundings and trying to adapt accordingly. The fear of coronavirus is changing our psychology. The threat of contamination can change our psychological responses to ordinary interactions that can lead us to behave in surprising ways. A large portion of our mind is preoccupied with the threat of this novel disease pandemic. For weeks, almost every newspaper has stories about the coronavirus pandemic on its front page; radio and TV programs have back -to- back coverage on the latest death tolls; media platforms are filled with frightening statistics, practical advice or gallows humor. As a consequence, the people are becoming more anxious, and in turn, this high level of anxiety is taking toll of our mind and body. The distress is challenging our psychological health deeply. As per example, the fear of the infection is not allowing us to behave like an open-minded responsible adult, but we are being forced to choose traditional behavior more. That is why nowadays intolerance to issues like migration and immigration is becoming more common. Sadly, the pandemic is not only affecting the health of the population but it is killing the transparency of our mindset resulting in a society with inequity.

THE MIND & BODY CONNECTION: Behavioural Immune System

History of the infectious disease tells us the story of how our ancestors became less active due to viral infections. Although our immune system helps us to fight the battle against virus but the aftermath leaves us sluggish and less active. The question is: after we win this battle, will there be a “different me”? The answer is yet to come.

People are victimized for new agony like wearing masks and maintaining a social and physical distance.

Human psychology is cultivated now at stake pondering over our future.
All sundry people are trying to get rid of unwholesome food and habits preventing themselves from coronavirus taking the importance of nutritious food to enhance immunity power.
Young generalists are being disappointed for pondering over for their near future due to arising uncurbed COVID-19 biting circumstances.
COVID-19 engirdles children into four walls. Therefore, their child’s play, childhood, hide, and seek play are disrupted due to confinement under adverse circumstances. Their blooming portal will be affected. An outgrowth of their mental talent will be obstructed at the outset. On the other hand, their mental strength will be concentrated hygienically with their studies without parental care.

SOCIAL IMPACT: IS OUR SOCIETY CHANGED FOREVER?

The COVID -19 outbreak affects all segments of the population and is particularly detrimental to members of those social groups in the most vulnerable situations, continues to affect populations, such as people living in dearth situations, aged population, disabled people, the young generation and native people. Early evidence indicates that the health and economic impacts of the virus are being borne largely by the poor and less fortunate people. Here we can talk about homeless people as an example. These people are highly exposed to the contagion due to a lack of proper shelter and self-hygiene. There are millions of less fortunate people all over the World, who do not have the privilege of accessibility to running water; they also tend to suffer greatly from the current pandemic. As a consequence, less fortunate and poor people are dying the most apart from losing jobs and livelihood.
It is very clear to us that the social crisis that has been created by the pandemic would result in an unequal society. The only way out seems to be the establishment of policies and rules by the Government that would help to eradicate such racial problems.

Civil Engineering is an Avenue for Entrepreneurship

Preamble:

Though the meaning and concept of entrepreneur is the same from long years but the opportunity of being an entrepreneur have changed as day’s progress. It requires proper planning, ability, quality, mind set up, a little luck and a source of capital for being an entrepreneur. Currently from a survey it is revealed that there are more than 580 million entrepreneurs in this world.

Civil Engineering is a sector where a bunch of business opening can be planned if the knowledge of entrepreneurship become broadly extends. Civil Engineers can drive their own business as an entrepreneur. But a good start is often not results a happily future in this field because risk of breakdown in future, additional competition in marketplace and asymmetrical working timetable are top three obstacles seen in any start-up business curriculum. So, besides of proper planning, scheduling of work is also a very essential aspect to get success in this field.

A Brief about Entrepreneurship in Civil Engineering

Basically, Entrepreneurship is the capability and willingness to form, arrange and conduct a business activity along with any of its suspicions in order to craft earnings. The most outstanding paradigm of entrepreneurship is the opening of fresh businesses. Hence, it is defined as someone who has the knack and yearning to set up, oversee, and thrive in a start-up enterprise along with risk having with it, to make benefits. In Civil Engineering, entrepreneurship associated with land, workers at various level, natural assets and capital that can make a benefit in terms of revenue. Some job roles as an entrepreneur in this branch of engineering are given below:

Building Planner: There is a huge demand of a building planner before construction of any residential, public or organisational concern. So in this regard requirement of license building planner is noticeable. Those who completed the Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering can get this license by applying for the same to the local Municipality.
Civil Contractor and Sub-contractor: Civil contractor are referred as person or organization appoints by clients for carry out and completion of works on scheduled time period. Seeing the majority and importance of work contractor can hire a noteworthy number of subcontractors implicated with different job roles.
Consultant: Consultants may be from any specialization of this core branch. They are self-governing and proficient engineers who can present their thoughts in making a well detailed service as per client’s requirement and financial capability.
Quantity Surveyor: They are mainly responsible for controlling cost of a civil project. They also accountable for estimation and valuation of the project in terms of monetary and volume of material required in the project.
Material Supplier: Material is an indispensable part of any business enterprise related to civil construction. Material supplier is a person or organisation who supplies material to the sites as per the requirement of the design.
Labour Contractor: This is a person or enterprise that supplies workers to the employer for a specific time period in the construction site and for this work they charge a fee from the employer.
Real Estate Marketing Agent: They give direction and assist merchants and customers for advertising and acquiring any property at a precise worth under the finest provisions. By comparing current market status they can also estimate the value of the property and give suggestion by overseeing the financial capability of the client.
Surveyor: Need of private surveyor is crucial for determining the site boundaries and its quantity. For a new under constructed site, they work incessantly to find out the earthwork excavation and location and volume of cutting and filling.

Required Pre-Qualifiers for Entrepreneurship

Making of decision to get started in this field of entrepreneurship it pushes an employee to play some sort of roles during their path of journey. Besides of educational status of a person, some pre-qualifiers also help them to move forward along with their field.

Pre-Qualifier:

Generally, to start a career as an apprentice in this field it is required to get at least a high school graduate degree but it is not so essential for all the time beings. Besides of that, some of the following skills should be present to get success in this field.

Strong Common Sense: Behavioural skills frequently fall under the general heading of good spirit, sociability, maturity, or common sense. These are skills that must be cultured and practiced in order to enhance career viewpoint.
Positive Attitude: Being optimistic and gracious to others helps in delighting job more. A strong positive attitude should be present to compete with widespread marketplace.
Vision: The qualities of a good entrepreneur include a well vision setting, captivating others, liability, and developing situations where they can utilize their strengths and reveal creativity.
Honesty and Dedication: This explains assurance to the associates including client as well as owners, subcontractors, vendors and the community. Entrepreneurs must be dedicated to work, respecting everyone’s console and maintaining a general agenda for treading with achievement of the work.
Professional Ethics: In the entrepreneurship, ethics has to extend at both professional and organisational height. Professionals such planner, engineers and surveyors have moral codes to support as behoves their profession, as do organisations. Ethical behaviour is often considered by the scale of reliability and integrity with which companies carry out business.
Management Skills and Teamwork: Entrepreneurship as a teamwork requires contribution towards accomplishing the project, but there may also have contradictory priorities during the teamwork. Aligning these priorities, implementation a project on time and fund management needs suitable management skills and collaboration from all participants.
Courage to face Challenge: Entrepreneurship requires leadership and determination of facing challenges during complicated times. Challenges include completion of work on time, work as a unit to reach towards achieving goal.

Final Words for Future Entrepreneurs:

Starting a career as an entrepreneur needs a lot of tough work, but it is undeniably not impossible. The proper amount of drive, attentiveness, and start-up capital will permit to fabricate a successful business in civil engineering from the primary phase. It is going to take four principles to turn into a great entrepreneur.

Have a Strong Business Plan: Before its implementation, a business plan is a practice by which an entrepreneur can figure out the viability of the plan along with the possible major obstacles and also its probable overcome techniques.
Equipment and Licenses: To initiate a personal business, construction equipments and tools are one of the parts of it. Even a small time contractor has to require a lot of money to acquire tools, licenses, IT equipment, and vehicles to get to job sites. License issued by local Municipal Corporation is very essential to get any contract in this field.
Insurance: General liability insurance will look after the worksite injuries, accidents, and other unexpected occurrences. Entrepreneur can also look into property insurance concerning for something gets stolen or broken. It is better to have at least some economic assist in the moment of a stolen computer or forklift repair.
Marketing: Advertising requirements are as straightforward as signage for the job sites. Radio, TV, and online marketing, like a websites and blogs are the appropriate medium for marketing. It is also required to generate a logo to set up brand. Other suggested promotional items contain business cards, brochures, and, ultimately, a business portfolio.

Half Hausler alloys – A Promising Thermoelectric Material for Future Energy Harvesting

Introduction:

Thermoelectricity deals with the conversion of waste heat into electricity by exploiting the inherent coupling between thermal and electrical properties. It becomes attractive predominantly in the recent perspective that unprecedented need for energy clashes with the necessity of reducing carbon emission owing to the environmental issues.

Decreasing of fossil fuel enforces the mankind to think about sustainable supply of energy to the world’s population. Thermoelectric (TE) phenomena, involving the conversion between thermal and electrical energy, and providing a method for heating and cooling materials, are expected to play an important role in meeting the energy challenge of the future. In addition, TE materials have potential application in the field of solid state cooling viz., peltier cooler. Unfortunately, the application of TE devices is very limited due to its low conversion efficiency. As of now TE devices have niche applications for space missions, laboratory equipment and medical applications, where energy availability, reliability, predictability and silent operation of the modules are more important than its cost and energy efficiency.

There exist various thermoelectric materials for different use purpose. Half-Heusler (maximum ZT ~ 1.0 for both n- and p-type at 500–800⁰C) is environmentally friendly, mechanically and thermally robust though cost may be an issue if a lot of Hf is needed. Therefore, they have attracted intensive research interest.

Structure and physical properties of Half-Heusler materials:

Half-Heuslers consists of XYZ as the main chemical composition, where X can be a transition metal, a noble metal, or a rare-earth element, Y is a transition metal or a noble metal, and Z is a

Fig 1: Crystal structure of a half-Heusler. The blue, green and pink dots correspond to X, Y, and Z atoms in half-Heuslers

main group element. As shown in Fig.1, XYZ forms a MgAgAs type of structure (space group F-43m), where X, Y, and Z atoms form three interpenetrating face-centered-cubic sublattices by occupying Wyckoff positions 4b (1/2, 1/2, 1/2), every other of 4c (1/4, 1/4, 1/4), and 4a (0, 0, 0) positions, respectively. The remaining (1/ 4, 1/4, 1/4) positions are empty. With such an atomic configuration, the strong hybridization of d states of the X and Y atoms induces a band gap in half-Heuslers. Based on calculation, the gap values vary from about 0.1 eV to 3.7 eV based on different compositions, the valence electron count (VEC) per unit cell and the average atomic number. There are theoretical calculations which show that half-Heuslers with 18 VEC per unit cell are stable and have a band gap in the range of 0–1.1 eV, which is suitable for moderate temperature thermoelectric applications. However, high thermal conductivity (6.7–20Wm^-1 K^-1 at room temperature) of half-Heusler is a major disadvantage for thermoelectric applications.

Thermoelectric Figure of Merit – Optimization

Being a solid state device with no moving parts; thermoelectric (TE) devices are silent, reliable, durable and scalable. The devices use just two type of legs i.e. n and p-type leg in series. Both the refrigeration and power generation may be accomplished using the same module. It is noteworthy to mention that NASA has used this principal to provide hundred watts of electrical power for deep space probes such as Voyager I and II and the Cassini mission to Saturn. However, commercial application of the device is limited by the efficiency of the device. The performance of a TE material is quantified in figure of merit, ZT=σS²T/κ; the term S²σ is called power factor (PF), where S, σ and κ are thermopower, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, respectively. Recent days, the best TE materials available have ZT ≈ 0.9. It is acceptable only for niche application, but economically competitive and commercial viable thermoelectric refrigerator require ZT ≈3. ZT can be enhanced either by maximize the PF through optimal doping and band engineering or reduce the lattice κ by nanostructuring through phonon engineering. Strategies to accomplish this goal have focused on increasing the average energy per carrier through energy filtering, carrier localization in narrow bands in quantum confined structures or the introduction of resonant levels. At the same time, as mentioned above, electrical conductivity, s (=1/r) must be optimized by properly adjusting the concentration of charge carriers (n) and maximizing their mobility. M. S. Dresselhaus et. al. also advocated for low dimensional materials as next generation TE materials, where two ideas are dominant. Firstly, the introduction of nanoscale constituents would introduce quantum confinement effects to enhance the PF. Secondly, the many internal interfaces found in nanostructures would be designed so that k would be reduced more than the s, based on differences in their respective scattering length. Experiments confirmed that the scattering of long and mid wavelength phonons can substantially enhance ZT by employing a high density of nanometer-sized grain boundaries. From this viewpoint, there are two representative methods of controlling and enhancing the performance of a TE material: nanostructuring as an intrinsic method and composite as an extrinsic method.

Why Half Hausler?

Half-Heuslar alloys (HH) with valence electron count 18, are very attractive to exploit as potential mid-temperature TE materials due to their narrow band gap and sharp slope of the density of states near the Fermi level. HH compounds, MNiSn (M=Ti, Zr or Hf) have become important TE material for converting heat into electricity in the temperature range 500⁰C to 800⁰C. Because of their high thermoelectric performance, low toxicity, relatively inexpensive elemental composition, robust thermal and mechanical properties, these materials exhibit semiconducting transport properties although they are ‘intermetallic’ compounds. Hence, it may be considered as rigid band semiconductor within Zintal compounds framework. It is noteworthy to mention that recently ZT ~1.5 has been obtained at 700K for n-type Mg₃(SbBi)₂ Zintal compound. However, the substitution of atoms can effectively decrease the lattice thermal conductivity via point defect phonon scattering and may tune the band structure, thus electrical properties of the material. Further, phonon scattering at the grain boundary due to presence of nano particle decreases the thermal conductivity in HH alloys. The recent approach to enhance the efficiency of the Hausler alloy is to synthesis a mixed Hausler and half-Heusler alloy with coherent phase boundary.

Resurgence of Research on Half Hausler alloys as a Thermoelectric material

Recently half-Heusler alloy are in the centre of the focus for the mid temperature waste heat management. Half-Heusler alloy draws the attention of researcher as potential candidate of TE material in the temperature range 300-700⁰C. The impediment to achieve high ZT in MNiSn ( Zr, Hf, Ti) half-Hausler alloy is high thermal conductivity. Reduction of thermal conductivity is achieved by incorporation of nano-phase in the matrix of MNiSn alloy. Power-factor might be modified by doping at the Sn-site and thermal conductivity by isoelectronic substitution of Zr on the Hf-site of the MNiSn (M=Zr, Hf, Ti). Theoretically it can be shown that mass disorder by alloying helps to reduce the thermal conductivity. It is noteworthy to mention that MCoSb is p-type thermoelectric material and counterpart of MNiSn for device fabrication. MCoSb composite having half-Heusler matrix with different size and CoSb impurity phase enhances ZT. High ZT of MCoSb half-Heusler alloy is also achieved by nano-composite approach using ball milling and hot pressing. Introduction of metallic phase nano-inclusion and full Heusler in the half-Heusler matrix is the new topic and worth further exploration to achieve high ZT via band structure engineering, scattering and energy filtering.

References:

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Animal revolution: A shadow behind the swift evolution of human society

Student Contributor : Mainak Ganguly, Pre-final Year Student, Department of Civil engineering, Adamas University

Humans are the most elite and sophisticated species on earth, no other species match our intellect. We always believe that we have a significant claim on our land, on our respective zones. We don’t need any permission to clear acres of forestland, drill seas for oils, bring down mountains for minerals, networks, transportation and what not. Moving forward to our near future we have increased demands for fast connectivity and hence we need tall telecommunication towers to facilitate our needs. Yet we are never satisfied, after almost finishing the reserves on our Mother Earth under the name of development we are now making moves to mine and drill resources on moon and other planets. NASA believes they can make significant progress on a mining project on moon which is rich with natural resources. The time is not far away when in a dystopian future an interstellar journey to a separate reserve under the name of planet or new home could become reality.

Effect of delinquency of human society:

A global scenario: Although we believe we are the kings of this planet ruling millions of square kilometres of lands. But we should be aware that we have explored 78 percent of land and more than 70 percent of oceans are yet to be explored. A wise man has said that “A king who calls himself a king is not really a king”. We always tend to forget the chronicles of Yeti the mysterious creature spotted mainly in the Himalayas, Tibet, Russia, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Siberia and Mongolia several times but netizens haven’t yet tracked it. Eric Shipton a British mountaineer and his associate found
footprints of a relatively huge creature in 1951 during their ongoing expedition of the Mt Everest, although Daniel C Taylor an eminent American scholar after decades of study and analysis came to
the conclusion that it was made by a bear. But in our world, we don’t believe anything till we witness it. We don’t believe man-eating plants exist; we still believe that Bermuda triangle mysteries were accidents. We believe our newspapers, press although we never realise what a catastrophe, they
are causing to the world spreading news serving their own interests propagating their own propaganda among the already depressed, subdued masses. Massacres caused to the Amazon wouldn’t be much of a concern nor the Australian Bushfires relocating millions of animals from their homes killing nearly an estimate 1.25 billion native animals in the process. As many as 8400 koalas have perished, along with significant numbers of kangaroos, wombats, wallabies, echidnas and many more. At least 113 animal species need immediate help, in which reptiles and crayfishes are in the worst position. The situation in Amazon is also not any good, although the exact numbers are yet to be verified owing to its vast and dense structure experts say that animals like the white cheeked spider monkey,
giant ottersare already at the risk of endangerment. More than 3000 species of fishes are also in grave danger, 1173 animal species altogether were threatened in which 318 are critically endangered and 406 being in danger of disappearing. Animals affected by climate change! well take a deep breath, at least seven species are already endangered, animals like the polar bear, orange spotted filefish, adelie penguins, north Atlantic cod are fighting their own war and animals like the golden toad harlequin frog
are already extinct.

Indian scenario: In India the story is not very different, 22 species are already extinct. The Indian Cheetah found mainly in the semi dessert areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat have vanished from the horizon along with the Sumatran rhinoceros, the pink headed duck which was last seen around 1950. Even if we leave animals like the woolly mammoth, Dodo, sabre toothed cat out of the equation, animals like the west African black rhinoceros, baiji white dolphin, Pyrenean ibex, passenger pigeon and the
Tasmanian tiger have gone extinct pretty recently .Now people may wonder that climate change is a huge element but they have to also consider that, poaching is also a massive contributor. Cowards taking
up arms to slaughter innocent animals to sell their skin and body parts, appendages in return of lump sum amount of riches in the black-market have always been a trend with the authorities taking no fruitful
action. Actually, who cares about puny animals, we are proud of our own language, own culture and we often tend to impose it to other cultures killing their existence. Animals bark, howl, and scream making annoying noises which we don’t like because we can’t decipher them. Not everyone could be Francine Patterson who trained a gorilla named KOKO with American Sign Language. Harambe, the gorilla who was mercilessly shot dead, had to pay due to limitations of parentage and it doesn’t end there, killing animals isn’t much of a crime even in liberal countries like INDIA where Avni, the tigress was hunted by a professional hunter hired by the Govt. The clearing of Aarey Forest is a different case altogether.

Things doesn’t end there, when it comes to vast road and railway networks near forests ,especially in India as of 2018 a data suggests that nearly 161 have perished due to road and railway accidents .107 animals have been killed by road accidents with a staggering number of 70 leopards contributing to the majority and 53 animals have been decimated by train accidents with a whopping number of nearly 29 elephants ,even after all that no special move from the authorities to seal the rail tracks near these
sensitive zones. Now when we talk about stray animals by September 4, 2019 at least 1000 stray animals have been injured in 4 months and from 2011-12 till 2019, July as many as 11,915 stray animals have been injured. This data only represents the cases in Nagpur as verified by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation, so people can visualize the number all around India. Numerous street cats and dogs are run over by vehicular monsters without any haste every day, but who cares about mere animals when thousands of human beings are dying every day which is actually the defence of the concerned authorities trying hard to maintain an ecological balance.

Is change in food habit the only solution? Some people are turning into Veganism, though truly someone following the vegan philosophy needs to be respected yet they are subjects of memes and trolls in this digital age. Although nobody can blame the trollers as there are evidences of vegans visiting zoos and aquariums to enjoy the show of locked animals. On top of everything the zoo culture is something else where some animals are really rescued, treated and released when they are ready but some are quite prevalent for entertainment of the higher race on the graph. There many other ways to help animal from extinction by looking after the nature surrounding us. Human activity is common among many reasons behind mass extinction of animals. To stop this rapid extinction, we need to take
rapid steps like-

a) Protection to nature: Currently 3% of the oceans and 15% of the land are isolated as ‘protected areas’, though in reality most of them are just protected in page not in reality. More number of protected areas are required with proper protection to save the endangered animals.

b) Attitude towards nature: Nature should not be viewed as the business policy but we should take care of the environment as necessity of our life. Human get food from nature to meet hunger, get oxygen to breathe in addition it gives the sense of freshness, joy and solace. Hence, we
should rejuvenate our ethics to transform the values human society ascribe to nature and the way we relate to it.

c) Focus on sustainable environment: A sustainable environment is only possible if we refrain from the activities that destructs the greenery of the world. More emphasis should be given on recycling and reuse of the products.

Time to mind responsibilities of human society: It’s high time that we realise our sins during this lockdown, and repent from committing them again. Human being is popular among all animals for the ability to turn impossible thing into possible, in the similar way it’s the time to act with our advanced technology to improve individual’s life maintaining eco balance. When the whole world is locked in their nest’s, animals are actually roaming freely. Dolphins, crocodiles have been spotted in Venice, Marine Drive in Mumbai and Ganga in Kolkata has witnessed the reoccurrence of dolphins, famously known as Shushuk in Bengal. Himalayan Cats, Leopards, peacocks are freely exploring deserted places in North India. The Lopburi Monkeys clearly seen in the Thai city of Lopburi are creating massive panic amongst the locals owing to their aggressive nature. Wild Boars residing in the mountains of Catalonia are hustling around the streets of Barcelona. With decrease in adequate supplies these animals have no option, they are like all of us fighting for their own existence, in the end it is what it is “survival of the fittest “. It could only be a matter of time when “Rise of The Planet of The Apes” becomes reality only if we the self-declared intelligent animal don’t show up our responsibilities to all the beautiful creatures in the ecosystem of the world.

Further Readings:

1. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vanishing-wildlife-22-species-have-gone-extinct-inindia/article28733215.ece
2. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/beautiful-extinct-animals/
3. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/16/five-ways-to-stop-mass-extinction

Education as a Subject with its Future Prospect

“The highest education is that which does not merely give us information but makes our life in harmony with all existence.” ——————Rabindranath Tagore

Education as a discipline is taught at bachelor and master levels at different colleges and universities in India. It deals with the education system of a country. The study of levels of education, forms of education, educational policies, educational commissions & committees, educational budget, curriculum structure, evaluation system, educational agencies, education related laws & rights, educational management & administration, population & mass education, pedagogical studies, educational incentives, educational supervision, guidance & counselling services, student support services, historical development of education system in a country, educational technology and the like comes under the purview of the discipline Education. There are four pillars such as Philosophical, Psychological, Historical and Sociological foundations upon which the subject Education stands.

It is imperative to clear the difference between BACHELOR OF EDUCATION and BACHELOR OF ARTS IN EDUCATION. The first one (i.e. B.Ed.) is a professional course by which candidates are trained for being teachers whereas the later gives academic degree to candidates to be bachelors in the subject Education. This difference is also same in the case of Master Of Education (M.Ed.) and MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION (M.A.). So, the B.Ed and M.Ed. programs are teacher education oriented professional courses and the B.A. Hons. (Education) and M.A. (Education) are academic programs. Let’s begin a discussion on Education as an academic subject.

The Special Feature of the subject Education: The special feature of the subject Education is that it is inclusive in nature so that candidates from any academic or professional discipline can get into the sphere of Education and in this way the subject is being developed day by day in terms of interdisciplinary studies. For instance, a candidate having mathematics honours along with B.Ed. can take admission in M.Sc. /M.A. in Education. Even, any higher secondary passed candidate from any stream can opt for Education Honours.

Foundations of Education

There are four pillars which are considered as foundations of Education.

Philosophy of Education: Philosophy of Education determines aims, objectives, goals, forms, methods and meaning of education. It applies fundamental principles of philosophy of life to the work of education.
Psychology of Education: Psychology of Education deals with scientific study of human behaviour in educational setting. It helps teachers to understand the development of pupils, the range and limitation of their capacities, the process by which they learn and the psychological study of their social relationship.
Sociology of Education: It refers to how the individual experiences and also shapes the way he interacts during schooling. It is the application of sociological theories, methods and discoveries to the administrative and instructional processes of education.
History of Education: History of Education encompasses the study of the past that focuses on educational issues such as education system, institutions, theories, themes, educational thoughts, knowledge and skills, method of teaching, evaluation and the like.

B.A. Honours in Education in Adamas University

The B.A. Honours in Education is offered by the Department of Education under School of Education in Adamas University from the academic session 2019. The curriculum is based on choice based credit system (CBCS) prescribed by the University Grants Commission (UGC). It gives various choices to students in the form of Core Courses, Generic Elective Courses, Discipline Specific Elective Courses, Skill Enhancement Courses and Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses. Except these, few Minor Courses are offered additionally from other departments for flourishing the academic arena of students. So, continuously and comprehensively the nourishment is given to our students.

Eligibility: A higher secondary passed candidate from any stream is eligible for taking admission at B.A. Honours in Education. So, the door is open to all students from Arts/ Humanities, Commerce and even Science backgrounds for taking admission to this course.

Employment Opportunities: On completion of the course, students will be eligible for the following jobs at private and government sectors:

Civil service
Banking
Museum Education Officer
Teaching Assistant
Primary School Teachers
Family Support Workers
Learning Mentors
Career Advisors
Sub-inspectors in School (with B.Ed.)
Anchor of educational TV channels
NGO Workers
Media based job in education sector
Academic Marketing Officer
Education Journalist

Master of Arts in Education (M.A.) or Master of Science in Education (M.Sc.) in Adamas University

M.A. or M.Sc. in Education is offered by the Department of Education under School of Education in Adamas University from the academic session 2019. The curriculum is based on choice based credit system (CBCS) which offers Core Courses, Ability Enhancement Courses, Discipline Specific Elective Courses and Project Works.

Eligibility: The candidates who have passed B.A. Honours in Education are eligible for taking admission in Master of Arts in Education (M.A.). The opportunity is also extended to the candidates who have successfully completed bachelor degree or master degree in any academic or professional discipline along with B.Ed. (minimum 50% marks). In this case, M.Sc. degree is offered to the candidates who are from Science discipline.

Employment Opportunities:

Public and Government Sectors: On completion of the course, students will be eligible for the following jobs at public and government sectors:

High School Teacher
Head Teacher
Assistant Professor
Director of School Education
Training Manager
Civil Service job
Agriculture Development Officer
Sub-inspector in School (with B.Ed.)
Teacher Educator (with B.Ed.)
Teacher Educator (with M.Ed.)
School Counsellor
Curriculum Developer
Community Education Officer

Private Sector: An M.A. / M.Sc. (Education) post graduate can get into many jobs in the private sector as well. Some opportunities are listed below:

High School Teacher
Head Teacher
Assistant Professor
Teaching Assistant
Teacher Educator (with B.Ed.)
Teacher Educator (with M.Ed.)
Student Service Co-ordinator
Public Relation Officer
Training Manager
Academic Advisor
Career Advisor
Yoga Instructor
Content Developer
School Counsellor
Educational Consultant
Text Book Developer
Book Designer
Question Bank Developer
Educational data analysts
Educational Tour Officer

Corporate Sector: An M.A. / M.Sc. (Education) post graduate can also look for jobs in corporate sector as well. Some opportunities are listed below:

Academic Marketing Officer
Education Journalist
Human Resource officer
Public Relation Officer in academics
Education Media based job
Educational consultant
Educational Manager
Educational Administrators
Anchor of educational TV. Channels
NGO Workers

Self-Employment Opportunities: There are enough opportunities to be self employed on completion of M.A. /M.Sc. in Education. Some opportunities are mentioned below:

Private Tutor
Home Tutor
Owner of coaching centre
Educational Consultant
Project Advisor
Educational Psychologist
Yoga Tutor
Book Publisher
Journal Publisher
Motivator
Research Advisor
Educators of street children
Tour Operator

The role of Adamas University in developing employable skills among students: The mission of Adamas University is to develop employable skills and enhance professional competencies among students. Adamas University is the most appropriate place where these skills are nurtured as much as possible. It gives students multifaceted activity based learning and other authentic experiences by which students can prepare themselves for jobs. Utmost care is taken by the teachers for leading their students towards achieving the future prospect of the subject Education. University makes arrangement of internship practice, interdisciplinary projects, different workshops, seminars, various club based activities, co-scholastic activities, communication skill building endeavour, personality development programmes and the like for the purpose of developing employable life skills among students.

Education is the emerging discipline and its relevance with respect to knowledge, skill, research and job prospect is being developed day by day. We can conclude the discussion with the words of Comenius, who says, “All who are born as human beings need education, because, they are destined to be real men, not wild beasts, dull animals, and clumps of wood.”

Small drugs with big buzz to combat COVID-19 pandemic

Contributors : Dr. Partha Roy, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University

Small Drugs: The concept of small drugs originated from Richard Feynman revolutionary lecture stating “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” in American Physical Society annual meeting held in California Institute of Technology on December 1959.The journey since the birth of the concept to modern day small drugs or nano-scale medicines is a fascinating one. Nowadays nanomedicines have penetrated into almost all segment of marketed therapeutics with their clinical application increasing at an explosive rate day by day. Nanomedicines today represent nano pharmaceuticals, nanoimaging agents and theragnostic with a size range of 1 to 100 nm. These small variants enjoy the spotlight of healthcare sector because of their plethora of advantages like enhanced effectiveness, site-directed drug delivery, controlled drug release, lesser side-effects, reduced dosing frequency, high patient compliance and ease of personification compared to existing marketed drugs. The newest charisma of nanomedicines is their theragnostic application where they function simultaneously in therapy and diagnostic.

Global Market Share: Due the immense opportunities of such tiny therapeutics their global market share is expected to touch 350 billion USD by 2025 with a steep CAGR of over 11%.

Virus: They are obligate intracellular parasites which associate with host cells through varying receptor-ligand interactions. Viruses are a constant global threat to the health-care sector and socioeconomic growth because of their fast spread and high morbidity/ mortality rate as they can adapt to diverse conditions by genetic mutation. Added complexities include drug resistance development, different replication stages in divergent sub-cellular compartments and diverse viral replication dynamics.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Presently the world is in a shut-down mode due to World Health Organization declared pandemic crisis caused by COVID-19 virus. COVID-19 is spherical or pleomorphic enveloped single strand RNA viruses decorated with spiky projections which provide a crown-like appearance leading to its other name “CORONA”. The viral diameter ranges from 60 nm to 140 nm and has four sub types of which the beta-type is the main culprit behind severe acute respiratory syndrome claiming millions of human lives throughout the world. In the absence of any specific anti-viral drug or vaccine the global death toll due to the virus outbreak shows steep rise while its impact on global economy is just the opposite. The two cornerstones of COVID-19 treatment are therefore supportive and symptomatic while the most important requisite is isolation to sabotage mass spread. Therefore there is a huge drive in healthcare research for search of new drugs, new drug delivery systems, drug repurposing and newer diagnostic agents to control the pandemic.

In order to mitigate these unique challenges presented by viral infections, the best available clinical solution can be the small drugs.

Small Drugs with big buzz Why?

Small drugs due to their unique nano-scale size undergo speedy entry in sub-cellular chambers, obstruct viral attachment to host cell, enhance drug bioavailability and evade drug resistance.
These small drugs can be engineered so that they can deliver appropriate bioactive concentration to the targeted site for eg. a specific sub-cellular region depending on the viral replication stage and mode of action of the drug.
The surface-to-volume ratio of these small drugs is quite immense which allows facile loading of antiviral drug cocktail.
Additionally the drug dose required to influence biological activity when formulated as nanomedicine is extremely low.
The overlapping of the features described in b, c and d helps in overcoming drug resistance and minimizes the chances of side effects in unwanted tissues and organs.
During intravenous administration these small drugs can be surface modified with hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). The surface decoration with PEG prevents opsonization of the nanomedicines which enhances their circulation in blood stream, delays reticulo-endothelial system uptake and finally leads to bioavailability enhancements.
The release of the antiviral bioactive from such small drugs can be controlled and sustained for a longer period than conventional antiviral drugs. This further contributes to its clinical attractiveness as it reduces the dosing frequency and ensures better compliance from the patients.
Sometimes these smartly designed small drugs can be used in combination with classical antiviral drugs to ameliorate the solubility and stability of the conventional therapeutics and assist in programmed drug release. This also has a great impact in diminishing dosing frequency and intensify patient acceptance.
New technological advancements have further enriched the development of these small drugs. Nanomedicines today are designed to provide therapy and diagnostic simultaneously. This theragnostic capacity can be a useful strategic ploy against COVID-19 infection where there is an urgent need of both therapeutic and diagnostic agent to control the pandemic.

The array of unique properties presented by small drugs makes them the best possible weapons in our therapeutic arsenal to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. But one area associated to such drugs that is relatively unexplored is its impact on acute/ chronic/ long-term toxicity which needs to be investigated extensively if these small drugs are to be established as COVID-19 therapeutics.

References

http://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/~qhcao/resources/class/QM/Feynman’s-Talk.pdf
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-nanomedicine-market
Singh et.al, Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease. 2017, Vol. 4(4) 105 –131.
Nikaeen et.al, Nanomedicine (Lond.) (Epub ahead of print). 2020. doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0117.
Szunerits et.al, Molecules. 2015, Aug 3;20(8):14051-1481.

Make your passion a profession: Detailed guidelines of scope in the field of photography

Super-cyclone “Amphan” has hit districts of West Bengal with the center of devastation in Kolkata. This news gets more validity with a single photograph of destruction. Photography is a passion of many students aspiring to join the professional world. In this digital era, though citizen journalist has flourished yet, professional photojournalists are much in demand. In this segment, the Pulitzer Award is also given. Photography has various scopes in respect to the profession.

The digitalization of camera technology has created a diverse scope in the field of photography. With different types of cameras available to suit the different purposes of taking photographs, the field of photography has flourished many folds. Let us explore various career options available for photographers in this digital age.

Photojournalism and their scopes

Photography is the most preferred section in any print and online media. The popularity of photojournalists remains there for centuries. Camera technology has evolved many folds, and digitalization has made it user friendly in many ways. Nowadays, journalists need not carry a camera but a smartphone with good camera capacity to capture any spot photography. If any newspaper house or digital publication cannot afford to have photojournalists, they prefer to buy the copyrighted image from agencies like shutter stock, PTI. Any freelance photojournalist can engage in a contract with these agencies which stock photographs and buy the copyright from them.

i) Sports photography

Photojournalism is sub-divided into several categories like sports photojournalism, spot-news photojournalism, event, or lifestyle photographers. Sports photojournalists are high in demand in a news agency, newspaper, online photo stock agency. The sports market is increasing in India and the world, which means more events to take place in short frequency, which requires efficient sports photojournalists to cover the event. It’s not only cricket, but other outdoor sports are gaining popularity in India. In the near future, there is likely to have more scope in this field.

ii) Spot news photography

Spot news photography can be done by photojournalists working for a news organization as well as by citizen journalists. It is an instant photo taken on the spot of the event by the photographer. If it is an accident, then the photojournalist covers it on the spot reaching the spot, and if it is the inaccessible area, then the media houses depend on agency photojournalist or photograph send by citizen journalists. But there is a process of verification of the veracity of such pictures taken from citizen journalists.

iii) Event photography

Event photography is about capturing people and their connections. Corporate event photography is a trendy and highly paid option. Apart from this event, photographers do cover various events like Trade shows, concert, stage and theatre show, business Christmas party, charity event, new product launch, appreciation events, wedding, birthday, festivals, etc. iv) Documentary photography

It is creating photography of accurate real-life of the subject. Just like any photojournalist documentary photographer wants to unfold the real story about the issue. Documentary photography is real life reportage and is different from street photography and abstract photography.

Fashion photography

Fashion photography is the way of showing apparel, accessories more eye-catching to the viewers or customers. The purpose is to entice them towards products. Fashion photographers work behind the lens to capture photographs and use post-production high-end software to produce an enticing image of the product with models. It is also key to a successful portfolio of models. Fashion photography infuses life in any static product photoshoot. There are various types and styles in the genre of Fashion photography, like high fashion, catalogue and editorial, and street fashion photography.

i) Street Fashion Photography

Street Fashion photography is a new type which aimed at showing simplicity and is connected to commoners. Editorial and high fashion photography types are very similar in style.

ii) Editorial Fashion photography

Editorial fashion photography appears in fashion magazines, both online and print edition, posters, books, etc. During the photoshoot, the model is given the idea and the story to be enacted during the photo shoot. These photographs are done with a plain background or white background.

iii) High Fashion Photography

High fashion photography often big brand or designers prefers to go to an exotic location for a photo shoot with a model wearing their brand of clothing or accessories. The designer uses a model to showcase their creativity to the client. This is purely glamour, fashion photography away from reality.

iv)Catalogue Photography

In catalogue photography, the model is showcased with a specific background to compliment the product that she is wearing to flaunt and is featured in print media as a catalogue of products of the brand. Photoshoot for this kind of photography is done in the studio. This type of photography is common in portfolio photography of models by professional photographers.

v) Alternate Fashion Photography

Alternate fashion photography is a genre where independent photographers and models who still love trends and styles of retro 80s and 90s can get the spotlight. This type is the mixing of past trends with present trends to create new trends of fashion.

Advertising/ Product photography

It is often seen that value of the product and its trustworthiness perceived through the visual representation. It means that a high-quality photograph can create a longer impression. If any small business owner cannot afford high-end professional photographers, then they can simply turn to use DIY (do-it-yourself) product photography as an alternative. For that, one needs to learn this technique from professional courses available. With simple techniques like window light and some accessories, one can create a professional set-up for DIY product photography as well as post-production editing can be done. Product photographers are high in demand and can run as an individual establishment for doing this type of photography. As the digital surge of e-commerce has increased so more and more small business owner is coming online with their product, so they require to set product photography of their stock in website or e-commerce site.

Wedding photography

Wedding photography is the most popular genre of photography. One can set individual businesses with knowledge of taking portrait photography. It is also a part of event photography where one needs to study the event set up before the event to position themselves while the case is on to take the best photograph of people in action and connection.

Scientific / Specialty photography

Scientific photography is taking images for the record of scientific or medical data. Scientific photographers usually use thermal rays, ultraviolet rays, and infrared rays to capture images. The photographers need to know biology, chemistry, engineering, or medicine. They often work with a scientific research team in universities, government organizations, or any research organization/ facilities.

Stock photography

Like many other services and product stock photos also comes at a different level of quality. Most photo stock agency suppliers provide proper resolution and commercially valuable images for professional usage. Still, there is a demand for an above-average photo with high-quality resolution. This is categorized as premium stock photography. All big agencies who offer premium stock photo category provide curated content which is legally clean. Stock photographers work on shooting stocks instead of working on any given assignment. With the proliferation of online consumerism and marketing, the stock photo business has become a million-dollar business at present. Also, it has been a competitive market. Stock photographers are paid in terms of residual income, i.e., royalties, and sometimes copyright of the photo is purchased by the company.

Travel Photography

A career in travel photography is as varied as the destination. The photographers can have freedom in designing their path. They can start as an independent photographer and then sell their works to stock agencies and host workshops in cities and towns wherever they travel. There are opportunities like getting your travel sponsored by the tourism industry and selling your photo rights to a particular travel agency. Even one can have travel photographs for an online magazine as well as a website. Travel photographers can focus on portrait photography, wildlife photography, street photography, architectural photography, nature photography, macro photography to get the best view to capture.

Source:

https://orlandosydney.com/event-photography/

https://www.creativelive.com/blog/documentary-photography/ https://fashionphotographersmumbai.com/blog/2019/06/07/types-fashion-photography/

https://study.com/articles/Scientific_Photography_Career_Summary_and_Job_Description_of_a_Scientific_Photographer.html

https://www.stockphotosecrets.com/buyers-guide/top-5-premium-stock-photos-agencies.html

https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/339819

https://fstoppers.com/business/heres-what-it-takes-become-professional-travel-photographer-72114

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photojournalist.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photojournalist_with_Tibaten_Girl_-%601.jpg

https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/the-ultimate-guide-to-career-prospect-in-entertainment-media-studies/?fbclid=IwAR0y1y6It-GZtQUNALvn6HVhJtT0s39bu1FyPkM2dV_k7h6q1pVm6fIesh8