May 18, 2020 | Adamas University

From E-learning to M-Learning : The transformation

Background

Mobilelearning, also referred to as M-learning is actuallya newmethod toaccesslearningcontentusingmobiles.Mobilelearning supportswith the help of assistive mobiledevices, continuous| access tothelearning process. Previously it was done using deviceslikelaptop but now mobile phone has become more handy.Youare able todiscover and understandwhenever and wherever one wants. With theadventofmobilelearning, systems things have changing rapidly.

Transformation of e-learning system Nowadays, with rapid advancements in technology, e-learning has rapidly become the new norm. E-learning was developed to adapt to our growing web-based presence. But as that online presence itself begins to shift to mobile and the online learning |is actually keeping up with the latest trends of e-learning. Mobile education, however| is actually designed especially for users who are on the go and are not connected to a single computer/laptop. As mobile devices become the dominant one specially in COVID-19 era, the manner in which we access the web , m-learning plays a a crucial role in the online learning sphere. M-learning is necessarily going to replace e-learning .However some contents still needs e-learning, as it may be too complicated for a mobile platform. Instead it is likely to supplement m-learning. It will help in actually getting the entire instruction and experience. With the proper learning management system (LMS), it is not too difficult to provide training on phones and tablets through any web based applications. Using a flexible,multipurpose and adaptive LMS opens the adaptive LMS up to a world of learning opportunities. Example of such is TcsIon which is present used as a LMS in Adamas University and in other higher education institutions as well.

M-learning in higher education institutions:

M-learning is used at present in higher education institutions. Many of the students are beginning to use mobiles as a means of learning instead of laptops/desktops. Educational applications are becoming increasingly accessible to teachers and trainers as well

While interaction during lessons, instructors also utilizes mobile devices to enhance interaction. For instance one can ask questions during their training by making use of online discussion forums or even asking the learners to complete a survey after taking a training.
Here instant feedback is given. This is particularly effective when training and educating large groups. With synchronous learning the teacher is also in a position to get immediate feedback even when the student is at home. In addition teachers are able to interact with their students during lectures.

Benefits of mobile learning

Convenience : Enjoy a lecture at one’s own convenient time and place.Eg.Competitive examination preparation while on the go.

Motivation : Students are motivated to find out when they can easily make use of tablets or even other mobile devices.

Different types of content : One can add educational videos, audio files and images with mobile learning. Videos ensure it to make learning livelier and interesting.

While we are looking on the PLUS side let us have a look at the MINUS side of M-learning.

Disadvantages of M-learning :

Distraction: Mobile devices is a distraction for participants. As a teacher or a mentor you are not always able to control what your students are actually doing on their tablets. For adults, mobile learning can be distracting when the users get constantly interrupted with text messages and notifications. Therefore it calls for self-discipline and focus on their part.

Lack of Internet connection or electricity: Using mobile devices for e-learning could be an issue if your users don’t have internet connection or electricity readily available.

In spite of the disadvantages the recent survey and results give us an insight that M-learning is very much relevant in the present context and specially in higher education when at present we are in a situation of #STAY HOME#STAY SAFE#

Use of ZOOM as a mode of communication in this new era

Video Conferencing

The word video conferencing was constrained to its individuals or Big MNCs. A video meeting is a live, visual association between at least two individuals, dwelling in discrete areas with the end goal of correspondence. At its least complex, video conferencing gives transmission of static pictures and content between two areas. At its generally complex, it gives transmission of full-movement video pictures and top notch sound between various areas. Sounds so entangled, right?

ZOOMED

In any case, ZOOM streamlined everything. It has recently zoomed into our day by day life and made everything look so straightforward for those 40 minutes. It is the short-sighted type of Video conferencing and that excessively free and you do not have to master in PC to begin. You have to have standard 4G advanced mobile phone or a Laptop and an Internet information pack. That’s it. Indeed, you need not bother with whatever else. It is that basic and you can interface in excess of 20 individuals with a straightforward snap. It has demolished all different applications which give video call. Indeed, even WhatsApp bowed down to Zoom and it is developing prominence. WhatsApp began making updates and now WhatsApp video call can run with a more prominent number of individuals. In any case, nothing near the Seamless Video conferencing that Zoom gives.

History

Eric Yuan an American brought into the world Chinese was originator of Zoom. Eric is previous VP for Cisco Webex (Another Web Base Video Conferencing App). He left Cisco in April 2011 with 40 specialists to begin another organization, initially named Saasbee, Inc. Tragically, the organization experienced difficulty discovering financial specialists. The primary explanation was that market was under impression that videotelephony showcase was at that point soaked and demonstrating no development. Be that as it may, as we realize God consistently has supported the fearless. In June 2011, the organization raised $3 million from WebEx originator, previous Cisco SVP and General Counsel Dan Scheinman, and investors Matt Ocko, Logo of TSVC, and Bill Tai. In May 2012, the organization changed its name to Zoom. In September 2012, Zoom propelled a beta form that could have meetings with up to 15 video members. In November 2012, the organization marked Stanford University as its first client. In January 2013, by and by the organization raised a $6 million through different speculator like Yahoo Founder Jerry Yang. Past financial specialists kept on demonstrating their confidence and contributed. At that point Zoom propelled from 1.0 of the program with an expansion in the quantity of members per meeting to 25. Before the finish of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 clients and by May 2013 it had 1 million clients.

Zooming

Zoom didn’t develop as much as it thought. In the Year 2013 Zoom made number of associations with different blue-chip organizations and by June 2014 Zoom had 10 Million clients. The organization just developed and developed. In the Year 2017 Zoom raised it valuation to USD 1 billion and tallying. On April 18, 2019, the organization turned into an open organization by means of a first sale of stock. In the wake of valuing at US$36 per share, the offer cost expanded over 72% on the primary day of exchanging. The organization was esteemed at US$16 billion before the finish of its first day of trading. Prior to the IPO, Dropbox put $5 million in Zoom.

Be that as it may, Zoom was as yet not a commonly recognized name in the greater part of Asian nations. The individual clients shared with WhatsApp and constrained video call between two people. At that point the Pandemic strikes began and most of the nations went for lockdown. While we are for the most part thinking how to push forward extraordinarily, guardians and instructors who never have thought of an answer in a Pandemic circumstance as how the students will begin ,examines how schools will work, how students will show up for private educational costs. Out of nowhere it appears we are for the most part conscious from a profound sleep and we have an answer in the form as ZOOM. It just raged into regular daily existence and helped us get associated. It is a restart catch to new typical and everything is on Zoom. All the classes all the tuitions are on Zoom now. Zoom has become an easily recognized name. All inclusive, 2,000 organizations extending from the world’s biggest monetary administrations, organizations to driving broadcast communications suppliers, government offices, colleges, human services and telemedicine rehearses have done comprehensive security audits.

So Is it Safe

Zoom has security defects before, including a helplessness which permitted an aggressor to expel participants from gatherings, parody messages from clients and seize shared screens. Another saw Mac client constrained into calls without their insight. All these were fixed however a few specialists despite everything believe that the firm has a fairly nonchalant mentality to security.

Alan Woodward, a professor of computer science at Surrey University, told the BBC that a major fix is needed.

“I don’t believe this is something that Zoom can just add to their list of jobs to do in the next 90 days. It’s possible, but this requires a re-engineering of the way they encrypt their calls, so it’s a major undertaking.”

Prof Woodward added: “I would not use Zoom for any sensitive or secret discussions.”

( https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52152025)

Towards the End

Regardless of these admonitions, individuals by and large appear to be glad to share an ever-increasing number of parts of their life on the application, webinars, classroom interactions. Even the government organization are opting various option of zoom for their internal meeting. The biggest wave is the domestics use of Zoom. Multiple gatherings are happening across globe everyday every minute. We are only seeing the numbers are increasing. Inspite of other players like Google DUO, Hangout Skype WhatsApp, who have robust security system, zoom is winning the race hands down.

Zoom gives an option to reach out to our students more efficiently and effectively. The hasslefree userfriendly app made the life of the teachers who are less technically equipped much much easier.

Covid-19 a virtual journey from India to Iran

Choose anxiety or positivity:

What is important, to panic or stay positive?The truth is, the whole world is under enormous stress and anxiety. After all we are experiencing an unknown enemy, a deadly pandemic, spread by a new virus, covid-19. Everyone has the sword of Damocles hanging over their head, living in fear. Despite the crisis of losing jobs, economic breakdown, crippled life, we still have a choice.The choice has nothing to do with what is happening, but, how you respond to what is happening. There are several reasons to stay positive, control our emotion and stay focus.As long as we are alive, utilizing the right natural resources and preserving mother nature, we would be surprised by the amazing gifts nature could usher us with. Definitely unexpected ones, however, it depends on how we choose to behave and bring the change. Shakespeare said,” There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.”

Pre covid-19:

It’s been a few years I became the resident of India. This year, I made an elaborate plan to visit my family in Iran to celebrate Nowruz, the Persian New Year. I wanted to be there by March 19^th as Nowruz is on 21^st march. Everyone was excited, including me. What followed was a shopping spree, the flight tickets were booked, I was all set formy vacation. Suddenly, one fine day, like a bolt from the blue, I received a call from my family that the entire country is under lockdown. I literary broke down. The mere thought of not seeing my family for another year or even more, drove me crazy. This is where we feel lost and see ourselves standing at the end of the world. I realized one thing, this is not the end.

During the Pandemic:

This invisible enemy of mankind had massive repercussion on physical and psychology of people around the world. We need to understand a simple fact that, the more we learn about this unknown pandemic, better would be our chances to win the battle. My first strategy was to shift my focus from “me to It”. I started to follow the news, this gave me a better understanding of the pandemic as well as helped me to have an idea of what’s happening in Iran. At first, I was unable to gather clear information about my country. My thoughts were obscured and vision blurred, I was unable to differentiate the truth from an ocean of falsified information across the internet. That is when I started connecting to my friends and families through social media. It was shocking to me why Iranian government took so long to declare the lockdown.As we are aware, that media is restricted in Iran and government censored information on covid-19,to avoid public horror and due to the elections knocking the door. I heard from people that the lockdown happened much earlier than the official declaration. The country was already bleeding because of the virus. One great thing about Indian government is, they locked down the country as early as they could to control the spread of the virus. Later, when I was discussing with friends in Iran, it was evident that they all despised the late decision of the government for lockdown. I made the point highlighted and they regret why Iranian government did not take the step for the wellbeing of its Citizens.

Second major point, which caught my attention was seeing my friends and family posting pictures as they strongly refused to send their children to schools, educational institutes and universities. I was sitting here in India, shell-shocked, why Iranian government did not take the case seriously after seeing people getting affected by the virus and multiple people dying because of the virus. I sat and had long chats with few of my friends and asked about their feelings and emotions on the current situation. All I could see was anxiety and horror. The whole nation was in a state of utter confusion and ignorant about this deadly virus. The worst part is when we know something is out there waiting to kill us,but we don’t know what is it and how to save ourselves. Although, the news came from China, but it was blurry, we were getting news in bits and pieces, making people more vulnerable. The action taken by parents on not allowing their children to attend any classes were so quick that even government could not do anything about it and everything was shut down in a jiffy. The cherry on the cake was the time, whole country was preparing to celebrate Nowruz (Persian New year), suddenly the entire country was in a turmoil. Iranian people started their new year holidays much earlier than what was planned and soon everything got into virtual mode. It marked the beginning of the New Normal.In the education sector, virtual online classes became the new standard and for offices, work from home became the new norm.

I was witness to the fight of Iranian people for survival, everything was about death and how to just survive. Every social media post spoke about survival strategies of every household and were emotionally disturbing. My people were under attack of an unknown enemy which just had a name Covid-19. I could not do much for them, I tried to stay positive and encourage them, invite them for small positive chat. The change started taking place slowly and people were slowly moving away from despair and negativity and were posting and sharing their family pictures under the title of #quarantinetime. Almost all the posts shifted their target from staying negative and live in terror to #stayhome and #bepositive. I saw most of my Iranian friends and even my family members becoming more creative and spending quality time with each other. Everyone shared their lockdown time feelings and emotions with me through a piece of writing or drawing. I was so thrilled to share my moments of happinessand at the same time encouraged my friends to convert this dark time into their best time of life.

To sum up, this unwanted natural disaster would become a memorable milestone for each one of us. A story that can be narrated to our next generation. The global involvement in rebooting its resources had been fascinating. Through the process of survival,we as the inhabitants of earth had a paradigm shift. It is important to shift our focus from the materialist world to a more sustainable society which is in harmony with mother nature.

Electronics and Communication Engineering: A bright career option?

Electronics is constantly making our day to day life easy and smart. From smartphones, to smart homes electronics and communication engineering is marking itself as indispensable. Electronics is helping to build the planet smaller and is bridging up the gaps of communication through voice/video solutions that too within the financial reach of the common man. The quick evolution of robots and embedded systems during the last decade is indicating the role of Electronics and communication engineering in the future world. These observations as well as outcomes are suggesting Electronics & Communication Engineering as an exciting as well as optimistic frontier to study and work.

For students, Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) is one of the most sought after branches of engineering as it is an umbrella term. ECE involves a variety of specializations under it like Analog Electronics, Digital Electronics, Consumer Electronics, Robotics, Internet of Things, VLSI, and many more.

Ideally who should study ECE?

Electronic and communication engineering demands young minds to be creative as well as to possess a problem-solving outlook. It is best suited for the individual who can think logically and have a knack for subjects like Physics and Mathematics. The young minds are expected to have affection towards electronics/communication as well as to possess a passion for fixing things. To pursue a Bachelors of Technology in ECE, the fundamental requirement is the successful qualification in 10+2 with relevant engineering subjects like mathematics and physics. The students need to appear and qualify Joint entrance examinations or other institutes/university-specific entrance examinations to get enrolled into the exciting program of ECE.

Divergent and popular career options in ECE:

Telecommunication Engineer: A Telecommunication engineer attempts to design, test, deploy and maintain telecommunication systems. The tasks involve steps like circuit design, testing, production, judicious large scale developments, and maintenance of diverse telecommunication equipment’s/modules.

Instrumentation & Control Engineer: Modeling and testing complex electronics systems is the core task. This sphere of work is vital, as most energy-saving electrical systems used in our day to day life are associated with it.

Desktop Support Engineer: Almost every IT as well as Non-IT organizations requires these technocrats. These engineers support clients with hardware and software solutions.

Network Engineer: Network engineers are accountable for creating and sustaining the regular operation of computer networks that organizations rely on.

Service Engineer: Service Engineers are generally required to provide support, maintenance, and repair of sold products. They provide off-site remedial and protective maintenance services along with after-sales technical support solutions.

RF & BTS Engineer: The Radiofrequency (RF) Engineers are engaged in designing new wireless networks, their components, and plans for ensuring the fulfillment of regulatory standards. The RF & BTS engineers are also required to analyze devices, interconnect data using digital software, testing, implementing & maintaining wireless communication and identifying scope of improvements.

Scope for Electronics and Communication Engineering in the next decade:

The last few years have witnessed the massive recruitment of professionals perusing Electronics and communication engineering as a career. This is due to the accelerating tie-up among the electronics technology and the digital technology. A report from the United States Bureau Labor of Statistics, predicts that the employability in the domain of electronics and electrical engineering is expected to increase by 7% from 2016 to 2026. The report from Frost and Sullivan predicted that the count of connected cars with embedded telematics is expected to hike from 23 million in 2018 to 65 million in 2025. According to NASSCOM Engineering R&D, the Engineering R&D outsourcing market is anticipated to flourish at a Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10% to reach USD160 billion by 2025. India’s Engineering Research & Development (ER&D) revenue is expected to grow at a Compound annual growth rate of 12% to reach ~USD 60 billion by 2025. The global Automotive Battery market size was valued at USD 48.71 billion in 2016 and is projected to grow with a CAGR of 8.5% by 2023. The survey from Aspiring Minds estimated the workability for positions such as Mechanical engineer and Civil engineer stood at a scant 5.55% and 6.48% respectively. Workability in the subject-especial positions was the loftiest for electronics engineers at 7.07%. Also, a recent collective survey by ASSOCHAM and NEC Corp suggests that the electronics market of India is presumed to reach $400 billion by the year 2020 at a 41% CAGR rate.

With the accelerated growth of novel technologies like 5G, IoT, Robotics, and artificial intelligence, industries to a great extent will rely on the potential of Electronic and communication engineering. The Technological industry, the Manufacturing sector, Multinational Corporations, Research-based companies, Armed forces, and many other domains are persistently looking for proficient ECE engineers, thereby leading to a surge in demand for professionals. Expanding applications of ECE in high-tech industries are likely to constitute some of the most sought-after career opportunities in the next decade.

Impact of COVID-19 on Research

The world is now fighting with an invisible enemy, abbreviated as COVID-19. The name COVID-19 was given by World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 is an ellipsis that stands for COronaVIrus Disease of 2019. COVID-19 is a genetic cousin of coronavirus that caused the SARS outbreak of 2002-2003. It is also known as “novel” coronavirus because this new coronavirus has not been detected earlier in humans. COVID-19 infected people may experience mild, flu-like symptoms to severe trouble in breathing and the virus mostly spreads through human-to-human contact. After it had started from Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, it has now reached almost every corner of the globe. This lethal virus has a clear potential for chronic global pandemic, and high mortality rates.

The only available contagion prevention approaches are social distancing, isolation, contact tracing and quarantine, sanitization, and hygiene maintain. These rules are to be followed until the vaccine is discovered. The whole world is now in a lockdown situation, we are going through unimaginable circumstances. The 125 μm virus literally trapped us in a cage, like a prisoner. Public transport, Industries, Cinema Hall, Theater, Sports, and all the public places are shut-down to reduce social contacts for saving lives. The global economy is sinking into a deep abyss today and we do not know when or if this massive collapse of the economy can be recovered.

Schools, Colleges, Universities, and Research Institutes are totally shut down for an indefinite period. A clear panic among the students has grown on how to meet their educational goals. As an educator, we are here to dispel the students’ fear and confusion. Education is on its way to “classrooms without walls and remote teachers”, we are delivering education via the internet. Digital pedagogy is the only hope now. But at the same time research is also hampered severely due to this dangerous virus. Researchers had to stop laboratory tests, they are not allowed to go their lab and cultivate science. Due to this protracted lockdown, the research in most of the universities and research institutions is lagging behind. Research institutions and government have imposed strict restrictions that prohibit scientists from traveling internationally and domestically. This has obstructed the collaborative works, and large-scale projects. In particular, the lab-based researches where chemists are developing new drugs;
biologists are investigating the living organisms, physicist are designing spacecraft or detecting gravitational waves, where gatherings of people are crucial and virtual meetings are not at all enough. Seminars, conferences have totally stalled where exchange of ideas on research is of great benefit and these are the opportunities of scientific community to show off their research work. The main sufferers are the PhD scholars, whose total period of fellowship is constrained to five years and they are undergoing stress to complete their PhD work within this specific time. The prolonged stretch of the current situation will strike most hardly among the students and
early-career researchers, who are in search of jobs.

One thing we need to keep in our mind is that, never to surrender whatever the situation is. Humans are the most adaptable species which is mainly due to our superior intelligence over all other animals on the Earth. We know that in the human genome there are all kinds of connections that allow human beings to have flexibility and the ability to adjust to new situations,
and that’s what differentiates humans from our previous ancestors. So, we should never give up, we have to rise up against all the odds. Time is not constant; storms don’t last forever and so won’t the hard times. So, we should hope in seeing light in spite of being surrounded by darkness.

This time can be utilized to enrich our knowledge on many academic aspects. Researchers can spend more time in searching for and reading scientific research articles, as well as work on the analysis of research results and older data sets, writing, submitting, and peer reviewing of
scientific papers. Most significant thing researchers can do is to plan new projects and prepare a road map of future research, which can be executed after lockdown. In terms of research, this practice will not affect science much since we are lucky enough to have readily available internet
facilities which is virtually a limitless knowledge support. In case of a need for a meeting, researchers can use virtual meeting platforms such as Skype, google or Zoom. There are a plenty of options and it’s just a matter of willpower and enthusiasm. Researchers can focus on the future, in terms of professional and research development; they can keep themselves up to date with the current work happening at other scientific research institutions. In spite of all these researchers should try to get the best out of the worst condition with all positivism.

Spintronics at Nano scale: A paradigm shift in future of Electronics

What is Spintronics?

(Schematic illustration of spin transport through a nano-scale system Figure taken from https://physics.aps.org/articles/v4/28)

“Spintronics” (named by S. Wolf in 2001), a sub-discipline of Condensed Matter Physics, has emerged out as a promising field in the last two decades that aims to manipulate the spin degree of freedom of an electron to explore a lot more rich and intriguing physics. Until few years back, when we talked about the mainstream ‘Electronics’, it was ‘charge’ based, whereas in Spintronics, it is not the charge, rather the ‘spin’ of the electron, that carries the information. The possibility of manipulating electron ‘spin’ was initiated by the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) effect independently by Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert in 1988, which awarded them the Noble prize in 2007.

Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Effect:

GMR is the drastic change in electrical resistance of a multilayer formed by alternating magnetic and non-magnetic metallic ones, when an external magnetic field is applied. In the absence of any external magnetic field, the exchange coupling between the magnetic layers through the non-magnetic one aligns the magnetization vector anti-parallel to each other. Then when a magnetic field, strong enough to overcome the anti-ferromagnetic coupling is applied, all the magnetization vectors align themselves along the field direction. This new parallel configuration exhibits an electrical resistance much smaller than the anti-parallel one. This dramatic change in electrical resistance is commonly known as the GMR effect. The discovery of GMR has far reaching consequences as not only the interplay between transport and magnetism was demonstrated here, but it also established the fact that the longly ‘neglected’ spin degree of freedom can play a crucial role in transport phenomena and hence in electronics.

(Schematic illustration of GMR Effect. Figure taken from https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_magnetoresistance)

Application and Possibilities:

Today GMR based magnetic data storage devices are in every computer which has already created a multi-billion industry. GMR effect provides a key idea to device a magnetic field sensor. As the magnetic field can change the orientation of the magnetic moments in one layer of the structure, it disrupts the relative orientation between the layers and hence changes the electrical resistance.

Another significant application is Spin Dependent Tunneling (STD) Device which is almost similar like GMR setup, the only change being here the non-magnetic metallic layer is substituted by an insulator. In this case, the resistance difference of the two configurations (parallel and anti-parallel) is quite large compared to the GMR setup. The key concept is to encode the ‘low resistance’ state as ‘1’ and the ‘high resistance state’ as ‘0’, and it is used in Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM).

One of the most notable advances in the area of spin based device making is the experimental discovery of Spin Momentum Transfer (SMT) effect in 2002, in which the spin polarized current can exert a torque on the magnetization of a magnetic film. SMT has the potential to offer orders of magnitude smaller switching current and consequently much small energy is needed to write per bit. In contrast to the ordinary MRAM, SMT-MRAM provides advantages in speed, energy and endurance. There are various other significant discoveries in spin based device making (like Spin FET, Spin RTD, etc.) which makes this field a promising as well as a challenging one.

Successful spin based device making involves three pertinent requirements

(i) Spin injection

(ii) Spin transport with long spin coherence length

(iii) Spin detection.

Recent efforts in designing and manufacturing spintronic devices involve two different approaches.

The first one is improving the existing GMR-based technology by either developing new materials with larger spin polarization of electrons or making perfections in the existing devices that behave as an efficient spin filter.

The second approach focuses on finding novel ways of generation and utilization of spin-polarized currents. These include investigation of spin transport in semiconductors and looking for ways in which semiconductors can function as spin polarizer and spin valves.

Spintronics at Nano-scale:

Spintronic devices offer several advantages over the conventional bulk semiconductors such as

Non-volatility (i.e., the information is retained even after being switched off)

Increased Data Processing
Decreased Electrical Power Consumption
Increased Integration Density

After the discovery of GMR effect remarkable advancement has taken place in case of data processing, device making technologies and quantum computation. The ultimate target is to reach beyond ordinary binary logic using ‘qubits’ and ‘spin entanglement’ for new quantum computing strategies, which in turn requires measured control of spin dynamics even on a single spin scale. It demanded merging of two rapidly evolving fields, ‘Spintronics’ and ‘Molecular Electronics’. So, in short a deeper understanding is needed in spin dynamics and spin transport at atomic and molecular length scales.

Several path breaking research findings are there like discovery of Spin-FET, Spin Hall Effect (SHE), Spin polarization in Double stranded DNA, Non-volatile Spin Logic gates, Increasing spin coherence length considerably by applying sound waves etc., to name a few. For example, in Datta-Das Spin-FET, Spin-Orbit coupling (Rashba type) was used to modulate the spin orientation of the electrons in the conduction band of a 2DEG. Rashba coupling strength can be tuned externally by applying gate voltage and it provides an advantage over using ferromagnetic leads as the later case generates high mismatch in resistivity. Or for that matter, in SHE, longitudinal flow of unpolarized charge current through a sample with SO coupling induced non-equilibrium spin accumulation at the lateral edges of the sample and thus a pure Spin Current got established. Here, just like Classical Hall effect, due to Spin-Orbit interaction, a spin dependent transverse force acts on up and down spin electrons and deflects them in opposite directions.

Conclusion:

In short, the subject ‘Spintronics’ undoubtedly brings new challenges to the researchers across the globe. We all are hopeful that the newly developing spin based electronic devices will replace soon the traditional ones. Researchers anticipate that establishing the principles of inter-relation for different disciplines of Physics like Electromagnetism, Heat, and even Mechanics may provide an opportunity to extend Spintronics remarkably, which may direct us to a new paradigm of Physics and its applications.

The Puzzling World of the Labour Market: The Importance of Economics of Labour?

If you want to earn more, you need to work more; if you earn more, you would work less. Confused? Welcome to the world of economics of labour. Labour market puzzles have become integral part of the working of labour markets across the world. They never fall short in supply, and in fact, new puzzles keep arriving before old ones get solved thereby making the day to day functioning of labour markets very complex. One of the persisting puzzles is the labour productivity and its relationship with wages. The economics of labour delves deep into these real world puzzles that every labour market confronts with and try to give some realistic answers.

Image Source: The pencil sketch is by Mr. Swapnajit Das, UG Semester II Student of the Department of Economics, Adamas University.

Labour is just another commodity that is traded in the market having its own demand and supply. So, questions may arise, like why do we need to treat the economics of labour or labour economics as a special field of economics to be studied? Why don’t we have specialization in economics for every commodity, such as Chocolate Economics, Computer Economics, and so on? The simple reason behind treating labour as a special sub-area of economics to study is the importance of labour market and the complexities associated with it.

How hard is it to estimate wage of a potential labour market participant? Determination of wage rates is just at the centre of the economics of labour given the puzzles surrounding it. We invest in human capital with the expectation that it would generate higher returns that otherwise. But, how much this expectation is valid in the real world? Do the incomes of individuals really match their productivity always? Not really. Given the wage rate, how much leisure would you really like to sacrifice against labour? All these questions do not have simple answers.

Given the corona hammered present economic scenarios, we must say that had the labour market functioned so smoothly following the simple rules of demand and supply, then the restoration of economic activities with the least possible negative effects would have been possible, the migrant workers crisis would not have surfaced in such a horrific way, and their future would not have been such doomed.

Many youngsters may now want to explore the working of economy looking at the present economic crisis to build their own opinions and may wish to voice those opinions. Their opinions would really matter a lot as they are the future and the future of the economy will be lying in their hand. You can raise valid questions, you may even work as strategy makers and so on, but for all these you need to understand how labour market works, and hence, Labour Economics is designed as a special paper/course while studying Economics.

To understand the income distribution and who is earning what and why, you need to understand labour market and the economics of labour exactly deals with it. As a commodity, labour has a number of special and peculiar features which have significant implications in the determination of wages and optimum quantity to be employed. You may have same productivity as one of your friends, but you two may not get similar wages/salaries. Like any other product differentiation, labour is also differentiated in term of its intrinsic features as well as some socio-demographic and cultural properties and all these have their implications in wage determination. Consequently, people may not get paid based on their productivity and that is why the determination of the price of labour, i.e. wages/salaries, is a complex task.

How does Labour Economics help solve the labour market puzzles?

Have you ever thought of –

This is one of the real word riddles called labour leisure trade off, and it is the Labour Economics that make you go in depth of this puzzle and get the answer. One may also see how this trade off varies from one person to the other depending on their own features.

Labour Economics that revolves around various theoretical models based on different assumptions related to real world activities also forms the basis of empirical investigations that have been being conducted by the researchers across the globe since several decades to understand wage determination processes and labour market participations. These research studies offers necessary insights about the effectiveness of different labour market policies and other economic policies in enhancing individuals’ wellbeing.

If you want to be a part of India’s economic strategy making endeavours actively or passively, and wish to offer your contribution even in its smallest capacity in pulling our economy out of this crisis, then you need to have a solid understating of how labour market works as it is the market where people generate their incomes. Economy would collapse if its labour market becomes dysfunctional. This manifests itself the importance of the economics of labour. This special field of economics is designed in such a way that it offers answers to various real world riddles surrounding labour market processes.

Teaching of Geography through Dale’s Cone of Experience

The concept of cone of experience was given by Edger Dale in 1946. The learning experiences are placed at hierarchical manner in the cone with reference to their relative position in the teaching-learning process. This is a visual model which is made of eleven stages starting from concrete experiences at the base of the cone and then it becomes more and more abstract as it reaches the peak. The arrangement in the cone is based on the principle of concretization to abstraction and on the number of senses involved. The more senses are involved in direct, purposeful experience, but it does not mean that concrete experience is the most effective way of getting knowledge. The experiences at each stage can be mixed and are interrelated in order to foster more meaningful learning.

I see and I forget.
I hear and I remember.
I do and I understand.
—-Confucious

[Source: http://eductechnolojoy.blogspot.com/2013/10/edgar-dales-cone-of experience.html]

Pupils generally remember 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, 50% of what they see & hear, 70% of what they say & write and 90% of what they say and do.

[Source: https://teachernoella.weebly.com/dales-cone-of-experience.html]

Explanation of Learning Experiences with special reference to the Teaching of Geography: Geography is the study of the earth’s surface and it includes physical as well as cultural phenomena under its scope. The Dale’s cone of experience helps teachers to plan different kinds of learning experiences in order to create the most effective learning environment for the purpose of studying geographical contents.

Direct, purposeful experience: The cone of experience is started with direct, purposeful experience at its base. Here, the knowledge is imparted through the senses that are direct and purposeful. The students learn something by doing something. At this level, students wholeheartedly participate so that active learning is occurred. Teachers can plan for some activities for the purpose of geographical learning.

Take a glass of water and a card. Then put the card on the top of the glass. Put your palm on the card and gradually turn the glass towards the ground. Then give up your palm. The card will remain stuck to the glass. In this way, students learn about air pressure.
There are an old newspaper, a used water bottle and a vermilion box. Students are provided with a scissor and a brush. Then they are instructed to do a needful action with these materials. Students can prepare a flower vase with the given materials. In this way, students learn about waste material management.

Contrived experience: When the real thing cannot be perceived directly, imitation of the real object is preferred for better and easier understanding. At the time of imitation, the contrived object may differ from the original object, but the main idea is depicted through it. Teachers can imitate some geographical phenomena for the purpose of learning.

An animated video can be prepared for portraying various kinds of plate movement and the formation of fold mountains.
A simulated model can be planned to show the origin of monsoon.

Dramatic Participation: Some real events can be presented through role playing. Students actively participate in this type of activities and they can improve their affective as well as psychomotor domains. It encourages creative production of learning and students joyfully participate in the learning process.

A drama can be prepared on the basis of the theme protective measures at pre-cyclone period, during cyclone period and post-cyclone period.
A pantomime can be arranged for depicting the cultural diversity of India in terms of language, religion and racial varieties.

Demonstration: When teachers demonstrate, students receive knowledge through observation and interaction with teachers.

Teachers can demonstrate rock and mineral samples for describing their properties and identification.
Teachers can impart the concept of types of volcanoes with the help of various models.
Teachers can demonstrate a dumpy level and prismatic compass instruments for surveying purposes.

Field Trips: Field trips are the most inevitable learning experiences for geographical learning. It gives students a hands-on experience. Students can co-relate their classroom learning with real things. They can identify relief features, soil types, rock types, the type of vegetation etc. in the study area. They can analyze the man-environment relationship of the area. They can collect soil samples, water samples, rock samples from the study area. They can prepare a contour plan with the help of dumpy level and prismatic compass instruments. They can determine the long profile and cross profiles along a river with the help of surveying instruments. Students can also plan for market survey, school survey, household survey, hotel survey for assessing the socioeconomic status of the area.

Exhibition: For the purpose of exhibition, students can prepare a number of things such as charts, models, posters, diorama, photo collage as well as they can demonstrate with different samples, experiments, videos etc. In this way, students can develop their psychomotor skills and communication abilities. Even they can accept the subject in a creative way.

Students can prepare orographic rainfall model, the model of the interior of the earth, the model of fluvial landforms, glacial landforms, marine landforms etc.
Students can also plan for some working models such as rain water harvesting, plate movement and associated landforms, solar energy project, formation of cyclones and so on.

Movie: The movie is the audio-visual teaching aids by which students get iconic and echoic experiences. The motion picture can imitate reality in an effective way so that students’ learning gets concretized. Teachers can arrange some movie shows in school for the purpose of geographical learning. Few movies are:

No Impact man (2009): Sustainability based movie.
Ashes to Honey (2011): Nuclear power based movie.
Polluting Paradise (2012): Waste management based movie.
Under the Dome (2015): Air pollution based movie.
Before the Flood (2016): Global climatic change based movie.

Still Picture: Still pictures are used for the purpose of teaching-learning on the basis of our iconic experiences. The pictures can be projected clearly through projectors.

Teachers can use still pictures of glacial, fluvial, aeolian, marine, periglacial landforms for the purpose of teaching.
The clothing styles, hair styles, ornaments, house types, body image, face structure of various tribal groups of India can be presented through still pictures as teaching aids.

Recording: Radio recording or tape recording can be used as teaching aids for the purpose of teaching-learning. It gives us echoic experience.

The warning messages that were broadcast on the radio during cyclone in the past in an area can be played to teach students about the warning system of cyclone.
Songs of different tribes and folk music can be played to teach students about the culture.

Visual Symbol: Charts, maps, graphs, diagrams, cartoon can be used as visual symbols. These are used universally on account of their non-verbal characteristics. The symbols must be decoded properly by the teachers so that students can grasp any concept clearly.

Topographical maps, Atlas maps, administrative maps, landuse maps, weather maps and the like are used popularly at the time learning geographical contents.
Ombrothermic charts, Lorenz curve, histogram, polygon, cumulative frequency curves, choropleth etc. are used for imparting geographical contents.

Verbal Symbol: It has taken place at the apex level of the cone on account of its most abstract nature. Here, the knowledge is imparted through verbal communication.

Teachers plan for lecturing, explanation, illustration and deductive methods for imparting geographical knowledge to students.
Students can be divided into groups with a topic of discussion. Students can put their own point of view, opinion, justification related to the topic. It is useful for teaching social geography, population geography, cultural geography, political geography, etc. In this way, a debate session can be arranged.
Reading materials like articles, reference books, research papers, review papers, map books, encyclopedia, travel accounts, etc. can be provided to students for learning purposes.

Teachers can arrange different learning experiences according to the maturation and age levels of students. The abstract form of learning experience is arranged for mature students. The lower parts of the cone are preferred for junior classes, whereas higher parts are appropriate for higher classes for the purpose of geographical learning.

Technology calling, let it not be a missed call!

A long back, Cedric Price, an architect, influential teacher and a writer quoted, “Technology is the answer but, what is the question?”. No doubt, this quote may be the answer of all such technological breakthroughs. For us, the catchy point is, if you have the question you can look for the answer and surely technology will help you to reach that. In the aforesaid quote, the question indicates, to identify the call of the future exactly, and that’s the inception of any product and services.

Forecast the future need, give the technological solution at earliest possible time, become an entrepreneur.
One thing which you may analyze from various startups and fast-growing organizations that they were able to identify the need of consumers correctly and the success story of such entrepreneurs is well known to us.
Tremendous number of job opportunities is knocking the door of technology to fulfill the vision of initiatives like ‘Make in India’, and ‘Digital India’.
In the present scenario of global outsourcing, price of any product plays a crucial role and decides the life cycle of a product. In this regard, almost all the companies are looking for such technocrats which will ultimately help them to become competitive in the market.

Are the Technocrats ready to respond to the requirements of Industry?

As an academician, whenever I meet industry people, I try to understand the expectations of the industries for their technical supporting hands and what are the major challenges in front of the industries. Few things, I found very common in all such discussions; the very first point, most of the companies does not want to spend time and money to train the engineers/workers, but earlier there were a compulsory training tenure in almost all the companies. Now, industry wants ready engineers. This is almost similar to that we prefer ready to eat items and not interested in processing and then further preparing the food item.

Second thing, it is the time of toppings, even when we go for pizza, we are much interested in what toppings is available on our choice. Similar to this when engineers are going before selection committee, they try to find what toppings (value addition), a candidate is finished which makes him/her stand out in the crowd of regular degree holders. Very importantly, few of industry people have clearly indicated that presently industry is facing dearth of freshers with the right skill set. However, they also believed that the recruitment process sometimes failed to select the right candidates for the right job. So, the academia has to play the crucial role to fill such gaps.

Signing off!

The purpose of this article is just to make awareness among the engineering aspirants that where is the actual short fall and there is really nothing like recession for engineering jobs. The deserving will always have a demand in the field of their expertise and choice. Let us believe in “Learn and Earn philosophy” i.e. first you LEARN then remove “L” from the word learn, it becomes earn. Ending up, with a famous saying “If life gives you lemons, make lemonade.” In this proverb lemon is indicating an unpleasant taste or negative mindset however, nobody has stopped you to do the value addition of lemon and making it lemonade and that’s the positive attitude we need to set up to move forward.

Is our data safe: QUESTIONS OF PRIVACY AND OTHER CONNECTED RIGHTS

Co-contributors: Arnab Sengupta, Souvik Dutta, Lawyers, High Court, Calcutta

The questions of privacy rights and growing, expanding technology are not new. Even prior to the advent of the present pandemic, several key points were raised regarding the protection of private data and the ever increasing foray of technology into our daily lives. Such technological intrusion has come in many forms, chiefly, in the forms of social media and other applications across all platforms of operating systems, be it on the personal computer, or handheld mobile device, or tablet. Computer applications have been a key component of our lives ever since we were first armed with a smart device. In the 21^st century, technology has been all pervading and with it, we have inherited some glaring concerns as to the implications of using such technology.

DEEPLY ENTRENCHED:

In recent times, the use of several social networking services have raised concerns of varying degrees, as to the invasion of private data and unauthorised sharing of such data with third parties. While some social sites such as Facebook encourage and require complete personal information e.g. full names, birthdates, location, relationship status, personal preferences, other social sites are less invasive and do not mandate the providing of personal information to such degrees. In other words, in today’s world, social networking is unavoidable and inevitable[1] unless one decides to undertake pains of being unable to fully utilise the internet, which very few possess the willingness to do.

Electronic governance can be more particularly described as application of information and communication technology for rendering governmental services, exchanging information, online transactions, incorporation of various individual systems between governments and citizens, governments and businesses, intra-departmental sections within governments, and back-office workings into the entire and complete governmental scaffold.

In India, e-governmental and e-governance services have seen a rise in the past few years under the auspices of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India, as well as other respective state governments. A National e-Governance Plan has been outlined by the said ministry that incorporates social media frameworks, citizen engaging framework, etc[2]. An example of the extensiveness of e-governance in India can be given of the Aadhar programme[3], implemented in relation to residential and biometric information of all citizens of India.

BREWING TROUBLES:

Prior to pandemic, information technology has been widely used and the concerns that came with it have been troublesome. Social media has been criticised for its unauthorised sharing of private data of individual users[4]. A study, published as far back as 2006, has listed the hurdles faced by privacy advocates when it comes to e-governments[5].. Without a doubt, providing personal information to e-governmental sites is quite indispensable in order to benefit from its services, and this has raised some irksome privacy concerns with users[6].

So far as India is concerned, the above concerns have persisted especially given that India still lacks a concrete, efficient, and reliable data privacy law[7]. Currently, India’s most comprehensive provisions of the law can be accessed through the Information Technology Act, enacted in the year 2000. The Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011, provide an outline of India’s data protection policies. It has been reported that the chief problem lies in the fact that most websites store their data unencrypted on their servers, thereby making it quite easy for them, or governments, or hackers, to monitor that data[8]. There have been some developments in that area since then. Interestingly, the Supreme Court of India has declared the right to privacy a “fundamental right” keeping in conformity with the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution[9]. It remains to be seen how far the implications of this historic judgement go when it comes to information technology.

PANDEMIC ERA AND TECHNOLOGY:

According to the United Nations, technology is key in combating the Novel Coronavirus pandemic and the UN had also released a new policy brief earlier in April, 2020, highlighting the role of technology in Coronavirus relief initiatives across the globe[10]. China, the epicenter of the present outbreak has been combating the virus by incorporating several technologically sound measures including positioning technologies, satellite monitoring, robotics, health sensors and applications, etc[11]. General consensus indicates that technology has been indispensable in our fight against Covid-19[12]. Such has been the case in India as well[13]. It has been reported by the World Economic Forum that the present crisis has ushered in a new era of technological innovation in India[14]. The Government of India has launched several programs and applications to combat Covid-19 the most prominent being “Aarogya Setu” (having a subscriber base of ten crores at present), and this application may be deemed mandatory for travelling across the country as per reports[15]. Socially, the entire world is at present reliant on social networking and video conferencing computer programs that have enabled a large populace to remain in contact with one another despite the physical social distancing rules and norms implemented by world governments[16].

Privacy International has raised unavoidable issues regarding this[17]. Contact tracing, a key component in tackling infection rates in communities, has raised questions as to the viability of such methods versus infringement of individual privacy[18]. Joseph Cannataci, the United Nations “special rapporteur” on the right to privacy, had warned against the eroding privacy rights of individuals in the midst of the current pandemic[19].

Such concerns were also raised in India, especially regarding the “Aarogya Setu” application[20]. However, officials from the Government of India have clarified that the concerns are unwarranted at best and every effort is being made to protect the personal data of users[21]. Yet, breaches in security of data are not new in the Indian context[22]. According to a recent report by Deccan Herald, unprotected servers are a worrisome aspect of data storage in India[23]. On the 11^th of December, 2019, the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, was introduced in the Indian Parliament by its Minister of Electronics and Information Technology. The bill is pending as of date[24].

Very recently there had been alleged leaks of private data and video streams from the video conferencing application known as “Zoom” (owned by Zoom Video Communications). Amidst all the controversy, Zoom has reportedly updated its security features[25]. This is indicative of the fact that the most worrisome breaches in private data storage are becoming more frequent and strict laws and policies are required to tackle this problem. The situation is grave especially among users of social networking sites as most of the populace has maintained social contact through these sites due to physical lockdown being in force.

CONCLUSION:

A gleaming example of proper handling of data and protection of citizens’ privacy can be found today in the European Union. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union postulates that citizens of the Union have a right to protection of their personal data[26]. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is an essential step towards ensuring proper protection of private data and such laws have been quite successful in the European Union. This legislation had been incorporated in the EEA Agreement in 2018[27]. In addition to the above, further tangible and successful steps have been taken by the Union to protect its citizens’ private data[28]. Overall, it can be proposed that in today’s world, the European model has been successful and quite robust.

The conclusion to be drawn from all this is simple; better handling of users’ data is need of the hour; bet it social networking or e-government utilities. The Data Protection Bill pending in the Indian Parliament would have to be of exemplary quality and efficient.

[1] See a study published by University of Wollongong, Australia, available at “https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cfa/7be2f83d648b86797aa5edd9fc078ad214e0.pdf?_ga=2.169375523.363422140.1589432425-693423378.1589432425” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 10:34 hours. See also “https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/social-media-is-unavoidable-todayjames-wardincanus-42227.html” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 10:36 hours.

[2] “https://meity.gov.in/divisions/national-e-governance-plan” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 10:58 hours.

[3] “https://uidai.gov.in/about-uidai/unique-identification-authority-of-india/about.html” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 11:02 hours.

[4] “https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2018/12/15/what-does-it-mean-for-social-media-platforms-to-sell-our-data/#306d86472d6c” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 11:22 hours. See also “https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46618582” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 11:30 hours.

[5] See “Belanger, F. and Hiller, J.S. (2006), “A framework for e‐government: privacy implications”, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 48-60.”

[6] Al-Jamal, Maryam & Abu-Shanab, Emad. (2015). Privacy Policy of E-Government Websites and the Effect on Users’ Privacy. 10.15849/icit.2015.0066.

[7] See “http://elplaw.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Data-Protection-26-Privacy-Issues-in-India.pdf” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 11:48 hours.

[8] “https://www.forbesindia.com/article/checkin/indias-internet-privacy-woes/35971/1” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:06 hours.

[9] “Justice K.S. Puttuswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India”, (2017) 10 SCC 1, see “https://indiankanoon.org/doc/127517806/” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:14 hours.

[10] “https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/policy/digital-technologies-critical-in-facing-covid-19-pandemic.html” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:26 hours.

[11] “https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/the-sino-approach-use-of-technology-to-combat-covid-19/” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:33 hours.

[12] “https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/03-04-2020-digital-technology-for-covid-19-response” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:45 hours. See also “https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/covid-19/understanding-covid-19-s-impact-on-the-technology-sector-.html” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:46 hours.

[13] “https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/technology-crucial-in-combating-covid-19-nivruti-rai-intel-india-head/55575/” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:49 hours.

[14] “https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/coronavirus-covid19-innovation-technology-india/” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 12:55 hours.

[15] “https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/aarogya-setu-india-s-covid-19-tracking-app-now-has-10-crore-users/story-at2phHaAtAIb5uPFDwvVII.html” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 13:12 hours.

[16] “https://www.hec.edu/en/knowledge/instants/what-role-social-media-during-covid-19-crisis-0” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 13:15 hours. See also “https://theconversation.com/covid19-social-media-both-a-blessing-and-a-curse-during-coronavirus-pandemic-133596” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 13:30 hours.

[17] “https://privacyinternational.org/examples/tracking-global-response-covid-19” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 13:32 hours.

[18] “https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/covid-19-contact-tracing-technology-and-privacy-concerns/75119433” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 13:34 hours.

[19] “https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/coronavirus-lockdown-surveillance-tracking-dictatorship-authoritarian-united-nations-privacy-a9438561.html?utm_source=reddit.com” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 15:20 hours.

[20] “https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/legal-experts-point-out-liability-concerns-with-the-aarogya-setu-app/articleshow/75561944.cms” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 15:40 hours.

[21] “https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aarogya-setu-safe-not-used-for-surveillance-assures-government/articleshow/75685880.cms” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 15:45 hours.

[22] “https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tech/8-biggest-data-leaks-of-2019-that-hit-indian-users-hard/what-causes-data-breach/slideshow/72839190.cms” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 15:49 hours.

[23] “https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/unprotected-servers-behind-big-data-breaches-report-793168.html” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 15:51 hours.

[24] “https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/personal-data-protection-bill-2019” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 16:01 hours.

[25] “https://www.dw.com/en/zoom-rolls-out-new-security-measures-amid-privacy-concerns/a-53156470” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 15:13 hours.

[26] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). See more at “https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 16:11 hours.

[27] “https://www.efta.int/About-EFTA/news/Incorporation-General-Data-Protection-Regulation-GDPR-EEA-Agreement-and-continued-application-Directive-9546EC-508856” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 16:18 hours.

[28] “https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-eu_en” – Accessed on 14.05.2020, 16:21 hours.