May 23, 2021 | Adamas University

MBA in Logistics and Supply Chain Management- Unique Aspects

As globalization and technological innovation continue to etch new contours on the landscape of business, supply chain management continues to evolve. In such a dynamic scenario, this program equal importance on the state-of-art know-how in supply chain management as it does on the fundamentals.

Most of the companies have identified supply chain management as a route to competitive advantage. Through supply chain companies aim to achieve two polemic goals: effectiveness and customer satisfaction. In fact supply chain serves as a road map to enterprise success. Supply chain encompasses all the functional areas of an enterprise. Integration of areas such as procurement, processing and distribution is possible through proper management and control of supply chain operations. Technology plays a vital role in managing supply chain and making it efficient and effective in all its operations. Information Technology has helped in seamless integration of supply chain. Decisions in supply chain are mostly information-based and IT contributes to speed in collection, processing and distribution of information at various decision-making points across the supply chain.

Some of the supply chain strategies are based on the physical assets and industry in which the companies operate and dictated by the firms place in the value chain, namely, upstream, mid-stream or down-stream. There are four generic supply chain strategies for gaining competitive advantage: rationalization, synchronization, customization and innovation. In today’s context, it is not the product or enterprise that competes, but rather it is the supply chain of one company that is pitted against the supply chain of another. Hence, all business managers and those aspiring for careers in supply chain should have an in-depth knowledge about its functioning.

MBA in the field of Logistics and Supply Chain Management is a lucrative professional program that is gaining huge impetus in the era of global value chain. Logistics Management is referred to as the principles of management & administration towards making the overall process of logistics operations as seamless as possible. Logistics management is known to be a part of supply chain management. The given discipline is known to deal with activities related to planning, executing, and controlling the seamless flow, both forward & backward, along with the storage of goods, services, and other related information between the source & its destination of industry.

Pedagogy of the Program

It is important for the Indian companies to learn from the developed countries in the west, even tried and trusted solutions may not always be applicable to Indian firms. Issues such as poor infrastructure, large number of customers at the base of the economic pyramid and complex distribution and taxation structures require solutions specific to the Indian context. This program addresses these issues by blending the best global supply chain practices with an in-depth knowledge of the Indian environment, encouraging practitioners and students to innovate. Numerous real-life examples of firms that have successfully evolved their supply chain management strategies help students relate to the concept presented and making learning easier for them.

MBA in Logistics & Supply Chain Management is known to be designed for the purpose of catering to the rapid advancements taking place in the field of Logistics Management. The program is known to provide the students with the option of picking up from elective & major streams, including Business Management, Accounting, Operations Management, Systems Management, Marketing, Logistics, Supply Chain Management and one year’s compulsory internship in the industry through SAFEX. Students will get a monthly stipend during the internship period of one year.

Throughout the program, while presenting mathematical models, every possible attempt has been made to foster among the students an intuitive feeling for the concepts described. The approach is intended to benefit those students who are intimidated by the use of mathematics. The course is considered to be ideal for the students who possess strong problem-solving and analytical skills. It is also meant for the students who are capable of working in a fast-paced environment while possessing the capability of coping up with the pressure of strict deadlines.

Career Opportunities

India is on the cusp of Logistics and Supply Chain operations. The future of Logistics and Supply Chain looks bright with many opportunities coming in the way. Advancements in digital technologies, changing consumer preferences due to e-commerce, government reforms, and shift in service sourcing strategies are expected to lead the transformation of the Indian logistics & supply chain ecosystem.

Adamas University has designed this program jointly with SAFEX Logistics Co Ltd to provide advanced learning to the eligible candidates in the fields of:

Operations management
Business communication
Shipping & logistics industry
Basics of Finance & Marketing
Managerial, business, and administrative issues of industry
Economics
Packing and Transportation etc

Students after completion of MBA Logistics & Supply Chain Management will get jobs as:

Logistics Executive
Export Executive
Materials Manager
Shipping Coordinator
Warehouse Supervisor
Operations Manager
Sourcing and Fulfilment Executive

An Insight To BBA.LLB (H) : An Unique Combination Of A Lawyer And Entrepreneur

To a scholar, deep driving within oneself inherits different attires to bloom with creativity. The world is based on rationale to aspire for business where the basic expertise needed is Law. This is where, one must hunt for their qualities into professional course BBA.LL.B(H) (BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND BACHELOR OF LEGISLATIVE LAWS) which demands discipline and troubleshooting oneself to be influential and authoritative as one must aspire to be. This 5 year integrated short term educational course certifying dual degree to gain specialization in commerce and management balancing the hold on Law and Governance. A fresher would surely think of how one could gain and earn the standard of managerial and entrepreneurial skills with a calibre to present sound judgement. This could be surely built with the subjects incorporated within the program. For instance, Organizational Behaviour is a subject which makes a person inherit attitude of Interdisciplinary, humanistic and optimistic approach which plays a lead role to sharpen the plan of management of a person. A professional graduate will obviously dream to catch an interview in reputed firms, decked up in formals and out performing their attributes towards an organisation. This must not be fantasy but real truth.

To highlight further this program offers lucrative career as the subjects introduced within the young mind are developed with research projects, analysis of case studies, internships, on job training, moot practical, industrial tours and many more. Every business entity or organization around the world governs on certain principles authorised by the administrator and followed by employee. But, in order to implement and govern the policies authorised, there must be professionals human resource manager with an efficient legal skills who knows the legality trained by the subject of human resource management and incorporate to manage nuisance of labour laws, effective response to legal notices and could aid the entity in drawing legal strategies. To expose more, there are various start-ups thriving with reputed entity to merge and acquire in order to stand in this competitive world. This demands for Financial manager, Company Secretary, Business Consultant and Assistant Advisor who has mastery in subjects of Law of Contract, Company Law, Business Strategy, Financial Accounting, Managerial Economics and many more. Where these licensed experts could dig into the loopholes of balance sheet and enjoy drafting the contract, considering the ethics and policies of business and advising in case of any discrepancy. The most fascinating fact about the program is that a graduate who prefers to work for government may opt for judiciary or an Attorney General who are experienced judges or barristers in High Court for minimum 5 years. Moreover, an UPSC aspirant could have a great support for preparation in subjects on Administrative Law, Constitutional law, Jurisprudence, Human Rights, Good Governance and many more which secures the base for future and designate on the service as Assistant Director. One must not be aware that this program could open numerous opportunities in National High Speed Rail Corporation as a Manager and Deputy Director in Warehousing Development and regulating Authority rewarding great luxury with all amenities. It is natural to have a curiosity to know about the placements. A graduate based on their expertise into specialization are offered into top notch corporate firms like Tata Motors, Tech Mahindra, TCS, Cognizant, IBM, and others. A graduate well built and creative thinking can fly high to catch with leading internships around the world refining their area of interest. The program guide would be incomplete without the eminent professor treasuring their specialization into this integrated field and nurture the future of the youth as well as the world.

Thus, this professional course offered by Adamas University and various University across the world, certifying an eligibility to the aspirants who must have completed (10+2) securing an average of 45%. A fresher would be wise and concrete to search for global university having international collaboration, with excellent facilities in order to have pleasant stay during the course of their journey. Hence, to flaunt the power of law, possessing skills into business in this competitive world, overpowers the professionals within the course to always out shine the best of their calibre to execute one’s want towards their life. This enthusiasm leads to greater opportunities within the field of business and law setting higher standards from other professionals.

Bachelor of Pharmacy: The Road Map for Pharmacy Professionals

Why Pharmacy?

Pharmacy is a health profession linked to the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It connects health sciences with chemical sciences and makes sure that pharmaceutical agents are used safely and effectively. The field of pharmacy has advanced immensely and includes much more than traditional activities like compounding and dispensing medications. The recent developments in the pharmacy field involve various modern healthcare services which include clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, providing drug information, manufacturing of formulations using modern techniques, designing delivery systems and complying with the standards set for quality control and quality assurance.

Presently, immense scope exists for qualified pharmacy professionals who are equipped with the knowledge of latest developments in the pharmacy field which in turn, requires them to be engaged in manufacture, distribution, marketing, quality control and assurance, regulatory authorities and in post marketing operations like pharmacovigilance, clinical trials, etc. Enormous scope exists when one wants to pursue a career in pharmacy field. Needless to say, the demand for skilled, competent and motivated professionals will be at its peak when it comes to the safe and effective delivery of healthcare which will further help in boosting the growth of pharmaceutical sector in the country.

Keeping in view, the requirement to generate future pharmacists, the School of Pharmaceutical Technology (SOPT) was established by Adamas University at the Adamas Knowledge City on Barasat-Barrackpore road. SOPT was set up with a vision to impart the knowledge and skills related to pharmaceutical sciences which will lead to professional pharmacists. The Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm) course was introduced in SOPT with an aim to narrow the existing gap between educational curriculum and the skills and proficiency required for pharmaceutical professionals in the field of pharmacy.

Program Highlights:

This 4 year long undergraduate course is structured in such a manner which provides in-depth knowledge and guidance on the following subject areas:

“Human Anatomy and Physiology” giving the idea on structure and relationship of internal body organs and systems.
“Pharmaceutics” which is linked to the knowledge of various pharmaceutical dosage forms and the technology associated with the same.
“Pharmaceutical Chemistry” and “Medicinal Chemistry” giving an idea about the chemistry of pharmaceutical substances and their association with therapeutic efficacy.
“Pharmacology” describing body’s response mechanism to a drug.
“Pharmacognosy” and “Herbal Drug Technology” recalling the traditional treatment modalities and tranforming them to newer and safer alternatives.
“Pharmaceutical Engineering” and “Industrial Pharmacy” describing the manner in which the industrial manufacturing of drugs in several commercial set-up functions.
“Pharmaceutical Microbiology” and “Pharmaceutical Biotechnology” providing insights to the huge world of the “tiny” organisms helping us to develop combat mechanisms.
It also includes the brief concepts on “Biochemistry”, “Pathophysiology” etc. while making the students skilled about “Marketing & Management”, “Computer Applications”, “Pharmaceutical Regulations”, “Pharmacovigilance” which will ultimately help them to be more versatile in a world of multitasking.

Any changes in the program curriculum shall be prescribed from time to time by the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI), New Delhi (the core body to regulate pharmacy education in the country).

Pharm is one of the most favoured degree courses in healthcare sector because of its wide career opportunities assuring consistent professional growth, rewards and recognition as a teacher/ instructor/ researcher/ industrial professional/ manager/ policy maker/ entrepreneur.

Eligibility Criteria for Admission:

Candidate shall have passed 10+2 examination conducted by the respective state/central government authorities recognized as equivalent to 10+2 examination by the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) with English as one of the subjects and Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics (P.C.M) and/or Biology (P.C.B/P.C.M.B.) as optional subjects individually. Any other qualification approved by PCI as equivalent to any of the above examinations.

To get lateral entry to third semester of B. Pharm course, the candidate should have passed D. Pharm from an institution approved by the PCI under section 12 of the Pharmacy Act.

Learning Areas:

On completion of the course, apart from the technical subject knowledge students will also acquire:

Interpersonal and communication skills which is a prerequisite for any career which requires patient listening and effective coordination to connect with diverse population within/outside the organization. Pharmacy professionals need to have respect, empathy and understanding towards general public while working as a community pharmacist. Additionally, they should be able to technically represent their views, plans, outcomes in front of scientific/ industrial community while working as a professional.
Knowledge on professional ethics which is absolutely necessary for a pharmacist to follow ethical practices with maintaining privacy, confidentiality, well-being of patients while adhering to the clear ethical guidelines irrespective of their personal beliefs.
Scientific aptitude by being able to assimilate the various concepts going through a huge theoretical and practical curriculum which adheres to the regulations of PCI.
Ability to work as a team member as well as individual while working on several projects under the faculty members in the final and pre-final year for the partial fulfilment of the degree.

What are the Scope and Opportunities:

Students can join post graduate courses such as Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm) available in various PCI approved colleges/ institutes/ universities and pursue their higher studies with fellowship after qualifying Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) organized by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi every year.
Graduate students have an opportunity to join prestigious central institutes/ universities working as Research Assistants/ Technical Assistants/ Research Scientists under various schemes/ projects.
Further, the post-graduate students may pursue their doctoral and post-doctoral programs in India as well as abroad.
Research and development in various start-up firms and industries is a golden opportunity for the research-enthusiasts.
Joining production/ manufacturing department, packaging department, quality control/ quality assurance in small/ medium/ large scale pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is a lucrative option for the pharmacy graduates.
Students may opt for job opportunities in sales, marketing and management of the industries and may achieve a better professional growth in this field after pursuing MBA (Master in Business Administration).
If the students are willing to engage in community service, they may join community (retail) pharmacy, hospital pharmacy in clinical settings. They may also work as hospital drug coordinator.
If the students are interested in getting involved in the approval process of pharmaceutical products and want to know “how the safe and secured drug products reach to the bedside from the bench” they can shape their career in pharmacovigilance, regulatory affairs, clinical pharmacy in numerous multinational Clinical Research Organizations (CROs).
Students may work as medical writers to sharpen their good project management and coordination skills, improve the knowledge of therapeutic areas, process of drug development, pharmacology and drug safety in clinical trials. This increases their ability to interpret and present complex data complying with regulatory guidelines, ethical and legal issues.
Chemistry-loving students and others can join state and central government testing laboratories as analysts and technicians.
Students may shape their career in regulating and implementing rules and regulations throughout the countrywide pharmacy chain working as Drug Inspectors appointed by state as well as central government. They may reach to the higher positions such as State Drug Controller on fulfilment of requisite educational qualification and work experience.
There is always an opportunity to start their own companies at any stage after the degree, especially to start wholesale/ retail pharmacy, research start-ups, small manufacturing units, etc. upon getting required approval and strong ideas.

Pharmaceutical Giants who have given internship and placement opportunities to our final year B. Pharm students:

Cipla, Micro Labs Limited, Alkem, Caplet, Sun Pharma, Akums, Shangrila Industries (P) Ltd., Glenmark, Alembic, East India Pharmaceutical Works Limited, APCER Life Sciences, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, etc.

Why Choosing a Career Path in B.Tech Civil Engineering with Specialization in Smart Infrastructure Management?

Among the various discipline of Engineering, Civil Engineering is the oldest one. It is considered as the incubator for all growing generation students aspiring to take challenges to become the superior in their career path and cultivate themselves inside the incubator under the surveillance of highly fanatical and enthusiastic team. If Civil Engineering is all about infrastructure then this course is about applications of latest technologies and facts for the smart exposition of infrastructure. This degree will embellish a student with innovative ideas to resolve real life problems in the field of Civil Engineering, expertise to propose and design complex structures and pioneer mentality to pursue research activities

In the first year, in order to reinforce the base of engineering and communication skill, students will undergo through all science-based subjects and communication expertise development labs. In the second and third year of the program, all core subjects will be covered with industrial appetite. From 3rd year, student will also have opportunity to prefer elective subjects to follow their own field of interest. Beside of this vanilla course, keeping in mind the future perspective of Global practices, specialization courses related to Smart Infrastructure Management is offering to the students from 3^rd year onwards. Students can explore the concept of smart technologies to cope up with real life challenges like rapid urbanization, climate change etc. In order to strengthen the conceptual, analytical and problem-solving ability of the students, online platforms, case study and role play methodology and class-based discussions are incorporated with this program. In addition of these, seminars by proficient speakers from foremost industry and academician from globally alleged institutions, workshops, conferences, tech-quiz events are planned to offer the essence of present day construction practices and researches to execute industry requirements.

Strength of the Program:

This program have designed by the Department of Civil Engineering by observing the current day’s scenario and advanced demand in the sector of construction and infrastructure. As said earlier, this specialized program is offering 5 specialization courses, 3 specialization labs and one specialization viva voce, total 25 credits extra outside of normal B.Tech program (163 credits). Brief about all the specialization courses are as follows:

Rural and Urban Planning: This course explores significant substantive areas and concepts in the ground of urban and regional planning and current urban planning and policy issues and debates. It includes design, administration, and analysis of a survey and focuses in the ideology, conceptual models, accounting frameworks, appropriate technologies, and this course is a indicator of planning for sustainability, Central and local policies, plans, and best practices in various countries and settings are covered.
Intelligent Waste Management: This course includes all the essential techniques to diminish pointless expenses that occur due to operational inefficiencies in collection and treatment of waste materials. Generally it is challenging task to collect urban wastes. It needs a considerable amount of resources indeed. By this course students will aware about scarcely used technological innovations to improve operational efficiencies implemented by Waste management companies and municipalities.
Smart Materials and Infrastructures: Smart Material and Infrastructure covers the proposal of smart materials, structures, measuring practices for obtaining numerous engineering properties of materials. This course also embraces the study of a range of sensors and relevance of this technology as well as the perception of various actuators and related materials with procedures, signal dispensation and control systems.
Artificial Intelligence in Infrastructure: This course is planned to give an overview of the area, as well as some imperative soft computing techniques which are indispensable to solve the complex problems in the domain of construction and infrastructure in terms of the fundamentals.
Intelligent Transportation System: This course recommends an immense prospective in improving transportation services. Basically it is a multi-disciplinary course that covers Information and Communication Technology (ICT), development in infrastructure, vehicular technological aspects, data processing and computations. It is also comprises of traffic supply-demand management, mobility choices, modelling of fares and revenue, project management, policies and regulations prescribed by Governmental Agencies etc.

Probable Learning Outcomes from this Program:

At the completion of this particular program all the students/participants will be able to:

Showcase their technical skills to become proficient in the field of Civil Engineering.
Build up strong intra-personal efficiency to direct a team with principled and sustainable solutions.
Design complex engineering structures and system components to convene all the expected needs with suitable considerations for public health and safety.
Step into the zone of research and development by implementing innovative ideas in respective domain.
Become expert in smart infrastructure solutions, pioneer in specialized domain by implementing sophisticated technological and problem solving tools.
Show the dedication towards society in several aspects related to public policies for health, safety and sustainability.

Career Opportunities:

Civil engineering is well known for the job in construction and infrastructure development industries. Specialization program under this discipline not only open the opportunity in various sectors but it also guide a student in choosing their career path in the domain of research activities. Entrepreneurship is also an option for the students to initiate a new start up in construction business. Concept of Rural and Urban Development Planning, Waste management learning, use of smart materials and Artificial Intelligence in infrastructure development activities and last but not the least Intelligent Transportation System provides immense knowledge in all the specialized areas of Civil Engineering and this will help the candidates a lot in their professional life.

Recent Career changes of B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering in Post-Pandemic World

So many other questions are in the mind of students, parents and teachers about the future of Electronics and Communication engineers, but that doesn’t mean it is frightful or uncertain. These are the commonly asked questions

What is the future of Electronics and Communication Engineering?
Will Electronics and Communication engineers get jobs after pandemic or will they require to get ready themselves with new skills?
Which courses are required for making a student job-ready?
How to achieve career goals as Electronics and Communication engineers after the post- Covid world?

In our digital economy, all of the students have to learn advance skills with high demands and apply these skills for getting a job. These transferable in-demand skills are so essential after post-pandemic.

New Career Opportunities in the post-Covid world:

After Covid-19 Electronics and Communication Engineering gives new opportunities for career to their Engineers. As our all the essential services are now projected to a new dimension. We are moving towards online platforms instead of using offline for different needs during the pandemic. We are habituated in e-commerce (electronic commerce) for buying and selling of goods, or the transferring of funds using online platforms and there is a huge scope for getting jobs. The students who are studying in Electronics and Communication Engineering, they will find jobs in e-commerce by making themselves to ready with proper skill sets. There are several recruiters like Amazon, Paytm, Google etc. which provide jobs for expanding their e-commerce business.

We are now familiarized with OTT (Over The Top) services instead of going to multiplex or cinema hall. This OTT service needs streaming of data that delivers content of information over the internet that needs the use of Electronics and Communication. This OTT service gives another job opportunity. Companies link Disney+ Hotstar, Netflix, Zee5 etc are ready to give chance to work with them.

Our needs of Biomedical electronics are more predominant due to this pandemic situation. We have to design more biomedical instruments and devices for our survival purpose in the healthcare system. There will be a huge scope for getting job in place post-pandemic, especially in the area of handling of biomedical systems.

During covid world, robots are used to perform medical assistance in a super speciality hospital and used for transport of medicines and other essential utensils in many countries. As our younger generation is more tech-savvy they are preferred this new branch ECE with specialization Robotics. In this area AI (Artificial Intelligence), Deep Learning and ML (Machine Learning) are required for developing advanced robotic systems which reduce the amount of labour, production costs and manufacturing time.

Unique Aspects and strength of this program:

With the emerging rise in the nanoelectronics industry, our processing speed increases from Intel Pentium P5 processor to recent core i9 processor. These nanotechnology-related industries for making smartwatch, laptops and smartphones which gives good career opportunities for Electronics and Communication engineers.

IoT and Embedded System is another branch of Electronics and Communication Engineering in which Embedded system developers can design an embedded system such as smart refrigerators, printers, micro-ovens etc. Qualcomm, Intel, Samsung, HCL Technologies, TCS, Wipro, L&T, Infosys, Toshiba etc. all of these companies recruit embedded software engineers. IoT offers jobs which are Industry 4.0. IoT systems consist of intelligent devices which are Internet-enabled and use embedded systems. IoT systems collect the information and process, analyse and share the data. Smart homes are built using IoT technology with smart electronics appliances like a smart refrigerator, AC, TV, micro-oven and washing machine which are controlled remotely using smartphones. In healthcare, IoT can play an important role in closely monitoring patients using inventory management of IoT based medical devices and pharmaceuticals. With the ever-increasing need for contactless technology and services, IoT along with robotics delivers essential commodities.

5G network will become widely accessible in the near future which will provide many jobs, 22 million globally by 2035 (according to IHS Markit) for Electronics and Communication Engineers. China, U.S., Japan, South Korea and the U.K. are already starting their works for 5G which provides them higher data transfer rates, lower latency, high throughput and greater data capacity. Using 5G 3-D holographic calls will be possible. Job opening in Virtual Reality (VR) or Augmented Reality (AR) will become more familiar in near future in the post-pandemic world which is implemented using 5G.

One can see that electronics are a part of our daily day life and this is a blessing for Electronics and Communication engineers, as it opens up endless opportunities for them from electronics and communication systems manufacturing to embedded industries. The only thing that one requires to do is to choose the right place to study which will determine the future goals. In a nutshell, B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering will provide huge career opportunities in the post-pandemic world.

Electrical Engineering: Careers and Opportunities

Electrical Engineering is a professional engineering trades that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field originally turned into a recognizable occupation in the late nineteenth century with the commercialization of the electric message and electrical force supply. The field currently covers a scope of sub-disciplines incorporating those that manage power, optoelectronics, simple hardware, software engineering, man-made consciousness, control frameworks, signal preparing and media communications.

The term electrical designing could conceivably include electronic designing. Where a differentiation is made, electrical designing is considered to manage the issues related with enormous scope electrical frameworks, for example, power transmission and engine control, while electronic designing arrangements with the investigation of limited scope electronic frameworks including PCs and coordinated circuits. One more perspective on qualification is that electrical specialists are typically worried about utilizing power to send energy, while hardware engineers are worried about utilizing power to communicate data.

Electrical specialists regularly have a scholastic degree with a significant in electrical designing. The length of study for such an extent is normally four or five years and the finished degree might be assigned as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Technology or Bachelor of Applied Science, contingent on the college. The degree for the most part incorporates units covering physical science, science, arithmetic, software engineering, project the board and explicit points in electrical designing. At first, such subjects cover most, if not all, of the sub-orders of electrical designing. Understudies at that point decide to have some expertise in at least one sub-disciplines at the finish of the degree. Some electrical designers likewise decide to seek after a postgraduate certificate like a Master of Engineering/Master of Science, a Master of Engineering Management, a Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering or an Engineer’s certificate. The Master and Engineer’s certificate may comprise of one or the other exploration, coursework or a combination of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy comprises a huge exploration segment and is frequently seen as the section that highlights the scholarly world. In the United Kingdom and different other European nations, the Master of Engineering is regularly viewed as a college-level of marginally longer length than the Bachelor of Engineering.

Underwritten are some careers after electrical engineering:

Micro Electrical Engineer :

Microelectronics is a division of hardware that focuses on the plan of little electronic parts like circuit sheets, semiconductors, and central processor that are utilized in the plan of instruments of electronic, new biomedical, data innovations, aviation gadgets, and frameworks. Microelectronic architects create plans and construct models of electronic circuit chips, circuit sheets, and semiconductors. They grow new plans, perform particular tests, and record and decipher information on the exhibition of new models. The instructive necessity is a level of electrical designing and information on the field of electrical and mechanical designing too.

Electrical Engineering

An electrical designer is for the most part centred around huge scope electrical frameworks, for example, power transmission, engine control, using power, and sending energy.

An electrical specialist configuration grows new electrical frameworks and tests hardware and tackles issues. Electrical architects can chip away at an assorted scope of advances, from the plan of domestic devices, telecom frameworks, lighting and wiring of structures, satellite interchanges and electrical force stations. moreover.

Instrumentation Engineer

An instrumentation engineer normally works for ventures with mechanized cycles with the sole objective of improving profitability, security, dependability, soundness, and enhancement.

The centre space of their work is planning, creating, introducing, overseeing gear that is utilized to screen and control hardware.

Instrumentation engineers are normally answerable for coordinating the sensors with the recorders, presentations, transmitters, or control frameworks. They are answerable for the testing and support of the framework. They by and large plan or indicate establishment, wiring.

Instrumentation engineer is perhaps the best profession after electrical designing for the individuals who can think out about the crate and make an interpretation of venture needs into plan improvement of equipment reasonable for the undertaking, sound critical thinking abilities, and relational abilities.

Telecommunications Engineer

Telecom Engineers are answerable for analyzing new organization innovations and submitting thoughts in regards to reconciliation. They need to guarantee network accessibility and give fundamental upkeep and backing.

They are master in overseeing information like voice, calls, text, and video, over various methods of correspondence. They introduce and plan diverse telecom gear.

They work in an immense field of instruments from radio and TV to Satellite, PC organizations, the web, and optical fibre.

A telecom engineer is a decent profession alternative after electrical designing for somebody with great information on logging and data set tables, insight with planning and execution of LAN, WAN, Wireless LAN, and WWAN, and reasonable specialized comprehension of organization equipment, Internet guidelines, and conventions.

Electrical Design Engineer

An electrical plan engineer grows new electrical frameworks for different applications. They are answerable for creating framework determinations and formats. The examination frameworks thoughts and draw up plans for these frameworks, as a rule utilizing a PC program.

Electrical plan designs additionally test their frameworks and make changes on a case by case basis. They additionally offer help all through the assembling of the electrical frameworks they have planned.

An electrical architect is a decent vocation choice after electrical designing for a person who has solid correspondence, insightful, and critical thinking abilities, who can work under tension in a particular course of events, who likewise have authoritative, administration, and inventive abilities as it proves to be useful for an electrical plan engineer.

These were the different professions after electrical designing. An electrical designer is a vital factor in the mechanical area. Pretty much every area includes the utilization of electrical specialists sometimes going from little items and gear to enormous venture hardware.

Now, underwritten are the various sectors that can employ an electrical engineer.

Chemical and Electronics; the major role in this sector is of an electrical engineer only. They develop, design, test various tools and equipment which not only help and are used in this sector but also in day to day life.
Aerospace for designing, developing, installing various products and equipment, etc.
Power generation and Telecoms; the most demanding field for a telecommunications engineer for performing various tasks explained above.
Materials, metals, and Oil and gas can develop, test, and maintain and improve electrical systems and components, including generators, transformers, and electric motors.
Defence sector for making and testing defence products and arms etc.
Marine and Railway for developing tools and equipment used in sectors like signalling, power heating, lighting, etc.
Construction for building, planning, designing various tools which are required for construction and similar activities.

Microbiologist: A prominent career choice for biology students

Biology aspirants at School level:

While the interest in studying biology at School level starts with understanding cells, both plants and animals, it takes a peak during the study of human system. While traditional zoology, botany and physiology creates the base for understanding biology, advancements in the form of microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology etc. paves the path of inquisitiveness among the biology lovers at the school level. This lead to the selection of medical or non-medical biological subjects as career option for the aspirant biologists.

Exploring the less known world:

Microbiology has always been frontrunner among the choice of such biology-aspirants for their studies at undergraduate level beyond medical education (Refer: https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/microbiologyplus-the-most-promising-career-path-beyond-medical-education/ ).

‘Knowing the unknown and seeing the unseen” has been the trend of human acumen since the inception of human race. Microbiology stimulates this, with the challenge of finding novel microorganism (bacteria, virus, protozoa, algae etc.) and a plethora of their magnificent properties. Till date the share of known microorganisms has not even reached 1% posing immense prospect for the future. The microbial world extends from the hottest region of the world to the coolest, from the top of the Everest to the Mariana trench and from the gut of human to the solar panel. Diversity of microorganisms holds the key and charm to study the subject.

Knowledge, Skill and Competency development:

Striking balance between diversity as well as specialization is important during the selection of stream/ subject to be opted for career. The three major focus on the 3-4 year undergraduate degree as well as 1-2 years of post-graduate degree lies in the development of theoretical knowledge, technical skills and more importantly competency as life-long learner. Studies in microbiology provides a well-balanced blending of these enhancing theoretical knowledge to strive for innovation, hands-on skills to work in an industry/ research as well as gain like skills and competency to remain relevant and updated despite rapid technological evolution.

Curriculum:

Studies in microbiology at undergraduate as well as post graduate level is generally divided into several courses as mentioned in the following:

Fundamental Courses: Bacteriology, Virology, Biochemistry etc.
Advanced Courses: Immunology, molecular Biology, microbial genetics etc.
Applied Courses: Food and Dairy Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Agricultural Microbiology, Industrial Microbiology etc.
Skill Enhancement Courses: Quality Control & Quality Assurance, Vaccine Technology, Bioinformatics, Intellectual Property Right (IPR)

Most academic institutions follow a Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) to design their curriculum of Microbiology. However, a few institutions also offer ‘Outcome Based Education’, a student centric educational model employed to maximize learning outcome of the enrolled students.

Infrastructure, facility and Instructors:

Studies in microbiology requires sophisticated instruments, well-equipped laboratories and well trained instructors to create a strong base for the students. Unfortunately, many institutions lack these facilities and treat it alongside other conventional subjects. The major requirements in supporting all round development of a microbiologists includes (not limited to):

Laboratory Facility (Basic): Laboratory with Bio-Safety Level: I (BSL-I)
Instruments (Basic): Microscope, Autoclave, Laminar Air Flow, Centrifuge etc.
Instruments (Sophisticated): -80°C freezer, Phase contrast microscope, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, HPLC etc.
Facility: Animal Cell Culture, Plant Tissue Culture, Animal House etc.
Cocurricular Facility: Tinkering Lab, Incubation Centre, Fabrication Lab etc.

Along with the physical facility and infrastructure there has to be faculty members and technicians trained in microbiology. However, most of the institutes run the UG and PG program in microbiology employing faculty members from other domain of biology (e.g. botany, zoology etc.) not having requisite exposure and expertise in the core domains of microbiology. The emergence of microbiology as a specialized field of biology also demands the involvement and guidance of personnel from the field of microbiology for proper dissemination of knowledge and skill of aspirant microbiologists. People having relevant industrial exposure adds on significant weightage in terms of leveraging benefit to the students.

Career path:

Despite of the abundance of open source information and higher digital access/ literacy, career path remains unclear to most students at the entry level to graduation. Over rated courses, glorified outcome and rationalizing odd success stories make students a victim during admissions. The following career path of microbiologists are stated to uncover the potential strength as well as challenges to be faced:

Teaching: ‘Teacher shapes the future of the coming generation’ This still motivates a lot of students to take up teaching at various level viz. school, college or university as their preferred profession. Microbiology graduates are not only eligible to appear for most of the school level recruitment process (e.g. School Service Commission, WB) they find it ease during exam and highly relevant during teaching. Joining colleges (both govt. or private) after the completion of M.Sc. in Microbiology is a lucrative option while clearing NET (National Eligibility Test) is highly competitive. Teaching at university level having independent research career, guiding Ph.D students is also highly sought after career.
Researcher/Scientists: Most of the students of microbiology aspire to pursue Ph.D on completion of their M.Sc. and conduct research for creation of knowledge towards human and societal development. There are plenty of research institutes, universities offering position of Junior Research Fellow (JRF), Senior Research Fellow (SRF) in the domain of microbiology (e.g. IISER, IIT, Bose Institute, NIBMG, IACS, IICB etc.). Research funding is mostly obtained from government through Department of Science & Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) etc. The researchers receive good amount of fellowship during the Ph.D tenure, through these schemes. After completion of Ph.D, students join institutes as senior researchers or scientists. Alternatively, they continue their research as Post-Doctoral Fellow in India or Abroad. The offer of fellowship at this level is attractive and often higher than the salary offered through regular employment.
Industry: While knowledge is created at the university level, its implementation is seen in the industry. There is a boom of biotechnology and allied industries that require trained microbiologists at various level. UG level students are employed as Trainee, laboratory technicians etc. in the Quality Control, production department. While students completing M.Sc. are recruited as QC executive, microbiologists etc. Students having Ph.D are mostly employed in the R&D division. It is to be emphasized that all pharmaceutical, food, biotech industries have definite requirements of microbiologists as a part of regulatory compliances. Hence, there lies a constant need of microbiologists at various industries.
Entrepreneurship: The present generation of students have found a suitable solution to the problem of unemployment by the creation of start-up employing their domain knowledge or interest. Several innovative ideas in the form of product or service has led to the development of enterprise making the students ‘job creators rather than job seekers’. Microbiology has enough scope of developing products related to medical, agricultural and also of inter-disciplinary nature that can be nurtured in the incubation facility in creating a start-up. The Govt. is constantly encouraging such activities with various financial and regulatory support through creation of proper start-up ecosystem at the higher educational institutions.

Thus, Microbiology offers enough scope of quenching thirst for knowledge, ignition towards innovation and having a successful career. However, the success highly depends on the quality of training obtained during academic tenure and perseverance.