monojit, Author at Adamas University

TERROR OF LAWS: IMPACT OF ANTI-TERRORISM LAWS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

Since India’s independence in 1947, it has had security laws in place that are purportedly concerned with activities that represent larger, more lasting risks to ordinary life than, say, petty criminality. These laws are aimed at protecting the public against and punishing those who promote or engage in terrorist activity, organised crime, separatism, and other forms of damage to society. Many Indian states have their own regulations that regulate comparable dangers, which work in tandem with federal rules. These safety laws are complementary to India’s generally great and procedural criminal codes. Proponents of such legislation in government say that standard criminal law is inadequate to cope with certain threats and that a more targeted response is necessary. This overt reaction is similarly amplified, providing the law and order apparatus with greater muscle than is permitted by standard criminal law. This appeal has its roots in the specifics of the Indian environment, but it has relevance outside India as well, particularly at the start of a century in which the United Nations Security Council urged its members to oversee anti-terrorist regulations. India is one of the longest-standing constitutional democracies in the developing world. The majority of legal and judicial systems in South Asia mainly rely on Indian precedent. The lessons we can learn from India’s experience with security laws about the weaknesses of other postcolonial, developing democracies and how to fortify against those weaknesses when drafting anti-terrorist legislation are clear.

The Indian protection laws’ current procedures for government accountability are weak and retroactive file criminal charges against government personnel who were working under security authorities, the charges must be explicitly sanctioned by the country’s governing bodies and cannot be advanced with the support of victims of rights abuses. Although the finest court may do exceptional things via its corrective and preventative judicial review powers, the public seldom has access to them. Few people can afford to take their cases to the highest court in New Delhi or the highest court in any Indian state capital, where delays are the norm due to the payment of criminal fees. Since positive middle safety protections have recurred in several generations of Indian legislation, any reform of the country’s protection laws, whether they are substantive or procedural, would be difficult to enact. However, it will be easier to garner support for changes that moderate government authority than for those that completely remove it. Once such changes are codified into law, they have a good chance of being widely adopted. Despite the Supreme Court’s ability to show deference to the government, the court has shown in the past that it is very hesitant to relinquish control over matters pertaining to national security. The court has not heard any arguments from the government that may have removed its jurisdiction over specific executive powers while considering security laws. It is likely that the legislature will want to keep reviewing and monitoring capabilities for itself due to the inherent political competitiveness in a democratic election system. Once such authorities are in place, opposing political parties are not likely to support changes that reduce their power, even if they are ambivalent about laws that restrict individual liberties. The complex, rights-limiting functions will not be delayed by incorporating checks and balances at the granular level into protection legislation. However, this will reduce the likelihood that they will be used to enable violations of human rights. An oxymoron, India’s protection laws are paradoxical in the worst way. They create exceptional legislation and place broad constraints on rights, yet are so ingrained as to be, in all practical respects, the norm. These laws leave individuals open to abuse because they establish precedents for evading constitutional checks and balances. The central government has become excessively strong since its far-reaching powers under safety regulations have increased over time while other agencies have declined. Moreover, governments may easily brush off non-kingdom opponents of national security, regardless of how well-argued their points may be, by citing the latter’s alleged inability to comprehend classified material or calling into question the former’s patriotism. I fear that the legislative and judicial changes I have advocated may upset this precarious balance. The people will be forced to deliberate and the government will be encouraged to make well-informed decisions if checks and balances are built into the use of safety authorities. That would be a blow to the trend of reducing constitutional restraints, which has let Indian safety laws double as licences to abuse.

Role of Optometrist in eradicating blindness in India

Blindness and Visual Impairment are the major social issues which can set back a country’s development and cause major hindrance in our society development process. Cataract and refractive error are the major causes of blindness in our society and early detection and proper treatment of both this condition (surgical and optical) can help patients to get back their vision lost by these conditions.

National Program for Control of Blindness launched by Govt of India to stop a patient to go unnecessary blind has emphasized to undergo timely cataract operation services and distributing free glasses to people in need to stop a person form going visually handicapped. Although the number of patient going blind due to cataract has gone down in the past few decades but still it remains one of the important causes of blindness in our society. Uncorrected Refractive Error remains the second most important causes for blindness in India as there are lack of qualified optometrist to screen, diagnose and identify the reasons of not wearing spectacles among young school going children.

Optometrist are primary eye health care professional who diagnose and treat different refractive error and prescribe glasses specially to young school children who are in need of spectacle , as we all know that major vision develops happens until the age of 6 years , so if a child is not wearing his prescription in the first 6 year his vision development will not be complete and it could cause severe problem in visual system which can cause severe hindrance in his/her academic and personal career. Glasses are also an important optical device to give 100 percent vision after cataract surgery and optometrist are specialized to prescribe and dispense spectacle in all age group in both rural and urban population.

There are only 42,000 primary eye care professional out of population of 140 corer population, definitely is not enough to screen entire population of all age groups, so in India there is huge demand of optometrist both in private and government sector in upcoming years and decade to give quality eye care services who are in need of it.

Optometry has several branches which provide various eye health care facilities to various section of our society for providing quality eye care services and eradicating blindness in our society.

Correction of Refractive Error and Dispensing Spectacle: Optometrist not only prescribe glasses but they also take a call to dispense right choice of spectacle and glasses to right prescription as it is directly related to compliance of spectacle wearing, if a child or an adult doesn’t like his or her spectacle he will never wear it as a reason the patient will drop out form wearing spectacles and it will lead to severe problem in vision development.
Contact Lenses: Optometrist are not only primary eye health care professional but they contribute a lot in tertiary eye care services as they are trained to evaluate fit and fitting evaluation and dispensing contact lenses for patient who need it for diagnostic and medical treatment. Contact Lenses are also considered as an optical devices other than spectacles to correct refractive error as people who are not comfortable with glasses they can be motivated to use contact lenses to correct their refractive error and who else than optometrist can suggest a best solution for contact lenses in terms of contact lens material, types of uses and precautions which need to take while wearing and removing the lenses.
Orthoptics: Optometrist are the primary eye health care professionals who takes care of the squint and eye movement anomalies with the help of therapy which is often known as vision therapy through which different types of latent and manifest squint can be corrected and this treatment and therapy prescription is known as orthoptics. There are many types of squint one major reasons of squint is uncorrected refractive error, if a child is not wearing his/her prescription for longer period of time specially during the critical period of vision development there is high chance of developing squint and it can be corrected by continuous wearing of spectacles and vision therapy treatment.
Low Vision: Low Vision patients are those who after rigorous medical and surgical treatment their vision cannot be restored to normal vision, these patients need special attention through various optical and non-optical intervention these treatment procedure is often described as low vision treatment and rehabilitation. Optometrist being the primary eye health care professional can treat this patient and can stop this patients form going to complete blind.
Ocular Diagnostics: Optometrist takes a vital role in tertiary care eye institute specially in the field of ocular diagnosis and instrument work up, specially diagnosing ocular disorders like glaucoma, cataract, and diabetic retinopathy. They are responsible for handling highly sophisticated instruments like Optical Coherence Tomography and Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer.

Thus in this article we have learned the role of optometrist in different spectra of eye care industry and their special role in eradicating blindness form our society.

Pharmacy: A Gateway to Plethora of Opportunities

Pharmacy is a rewarding professional path with a wide range of career opportunities. In India, the pharmacy sector is enormous and was estimated to be worth $55 billion in 2020 with a CAGR of 22.4%. With such an attractive number, admission into B Pharmacy course offers successful and lucrative career opportunity. The degree programme lasts four years and consists of eight semesters.

These are five reasons to enroll into a B pharmacy programme.

You Wish to Deal with Patients

After getting your B Pharmacy degree, you will have a variety of employment options. However, the majority of the individuals around you will be patients. You can work as a chemist in ambulatory, inpatient, and community healthcare settings, among others. A chemist can do so many various and varied duties, and they frequently operate in environments where humans are involved.

As a chemist, you would offer more services in addition to supplying medications. Asthma care, cholesterol testing, blood pressure monitoring, advice on quitting smoking, diabetes disease management, bone density scans, and other services are all provided by pharmacists.

You enjoy helping others

Although it may not seem visible, pharmacists helps patients in feeling better. The finest people who help patients to feel better are pharmacists, who specialize in drugs.

Moreover, pharmacists are essential in enhancing medication adherence. Pharmacists’ cultural competency, which includes knowledge of customs, language, nutrition, and much more, enables them to assess patients and ensure that they take their medications as directed by their doctor.

You desire a variety of career options

You did read that correctly. A career in pharmacy has variety of opportunities and offers opportunities in patient care, scientific research, product development and entrepreneurship. After successful completion of the B Pharm degree, pharmacists can opt one from a large variety of employment opportunities.

Working at a community or healthcare facility’s retail pharmacy is the most obvious career option for pharmacists. In this capacity, they offer patients counseling together with over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs. They may even perform research, teach at universities and colleges or work in the pharmaceutical sector.

Here is a list of possible occupations after receiving a B.Pharm degree:

Pharmacists in the community, hospital pharmacists, hospice/palliative care providers, the health care administration, and pharmaceutical firms.
Medical Representatives and Production Chemist
Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Vigilance, Scientific Writing, Medical Scripting, and Regulatory Affairs
Pharmacy, MBA, Law, Patent Agent; further education
After B Pharm, pharmacists can assume the afore mentioned positions before transitioning into important leadership positions in various facets of the healthcare system.

You Want to Play a Vital Role in the Healthcare Team

All healthcare teams get benefited from the crucial and notable contributions of pharmacists. The outcomes of several researches by pharmacists have consistently demonstrated that they are among the most important members of the healthcare team.

By providing drugs to treat various illnesses, you would play a crucial role in the healthcare system if you opt for a career in pharmacology.

You desire a secure yet adaptable career

A pharmacy bachelor’s degree will enjoy guaranteed steady employment for the duration of your career. With a degree, you might find employment as a chemist with a license anywhere in the nation.

You also get the privilege to set your own business hours. For instance, you can open your pharmacy store open every day of the year. As an alternative, you can choose to work at night shifts or in the emergency department. Since there is a huge need for pharmacists, there is a lot of freedom in this field.

Get B Pharmacy admission to realize your aims if the five factors listed above line up with your objectives. B Pharmacy Admission at School of Medical Sciences (SoMS), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, ADAMAS University allows students to pre-enroll before appearing for 12th board. The course is approved by PCI and recognized by UGC. School of Medical Sciences (SOMS), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, ADAMAS University has good ranking in India and promises to offer quality education to the students.

Four pillars of optimal health and Nutrition

Every one of us want to lead a healthy lifestyle as we often talk about in the phrase” Health is wealth”. However, in the present day scenario we observe the hospitals to be full with patients with deadly diseases like cancer, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory diseases, arthritis, etc. Lifestyle diseases has become a part of the life and the main reason behind them are we ourselves. The sedentary lifestyle that we lead is the root cause behind it, with lots of junk food, work life stress, lack of proper rest or exercise and wide gap in Nutrition due to various reasons. Let us therefore, take a look over the four pillars of optimal health which if we practice can give us the blessing of good health which is so rare nowadays.

The four pillars:

Regular exercise:

Regular exercise of 15 to 20 minutes every day gives wonderful results. Exercise improves blood circulation in body and gives us healthy muscles and joints. It gives flexibility to the body. Morning time is the best for exercises. Apart from physical exercises, yoga and meditation can also be practised. Apart from physical benefits, it can also help to relieve stress which is the root cause of many diseases. However, such exercises should be personalized and best if guided by an expert.

Adequate rest:

Complete physical and mental rest is very necessary for everybody. Sound sleep of 7-8 hours is sufficient for a body to be refreshed and rejuvenated. However, many people come with the complaints of disturbed sleep which may result the person to stay fatigued the whole day long with lack of concentration in their regular work. We should maintain a proper routine for bedtime and stick to that. Listening to light relaxing music before going to sleep also help the mind to relax and attain a good sleep.

Positive mental attitude:

This is one aspect which is equally important but probably lacking in most individuals. Scare amount of people today live with a positive mental attitude. To have a positive mental attitude and to retain it is really challenging in a life with ups and downs and people are mostly used to pull out negativity in each and every situation. They nurture such negative feelings in mind and share with their near and dear ones, thus, spreading more and more negative. Negative thoughts are like weeds which grow on their own and can in turn lead to stress and more stress. Positive thoughts have to be nurtured in mind with care and they make our minds stress free and help us to feel happy. Positive thoughts are powerful and can bring miraculous results on our health. We have to identify the positive in each and every situation.

Adequate Nutrition

Nutrition is the aspect which is having the greatest effect on our lifestyle. If we closely observe, we shall find there is a wide gap in the amount of nutrients a body should get and the amount that we have every day. This may be due to several reasons like:

Crave for junk food: due to the fast lifestyle, where people overwork, they may often skip important meals and get themselves whatever suits their taste buds and readily available. Due to such regular habits, some people become addicted to junk food which lack in important nutrients and overload the body with unhealthy triglycerides and cholesterol
Lack of food quality: Due to increasing population, the supply of food is becoming short and there comes hybrid fruits and vegetables in the market which are larger in size and less in nutrients. Adulteration of food items like milk and dairy products, unsuitable means of food preservation and farming practices with high amounts of pesticides and insecticides may cause entry of harmful chemicals in body. According to recent research the food items are much less in nutrients compared to 25-30 years back.

So, what are the important nutrients required by the body? Let us a take a look:

The important nutrients which are essential for everyone are as follows:

Carbohydrates: They are found in food like rice, wheat, bread and potato, etc. They give energy to the body, acting as the fuel to the body. Around 6-10 small and frequent servings of carbohydrates can be taken for the energy supply in the body. Generally we do not see deficiency of carbohydrates in people, except for those who are malnourished.
Protein: The protein makes the basic building block of the body. Each and every cell of the body from the head to toe is made of protein and thus, makes one of the most important nutrient in the body. The requirement of protein is 1gm per kg of adult body weight and much more in case of growing children or pregnant women. Protein deficiency is commonly found in individuals.
Vitamins and minerals: They are micronutrients required in very small quantities but essential. Lack of important vitamins like vitamins A, B group vitamins, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, E or K may cause diseases. Similarly deficiency of important minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese may result in osteoporosis, etc.
Fats: Fats are also necessary for the body. Certain vitamins are solubilised in fats like Vitamins A, D, E and K. It forms a part of the skin and has many other essential functions in the body. However, large amount of cholesterol containing foods are harmful as they may lead to heart diseases. One of the good fats are the omega 3 fatty acids which have several beneficial effects in the body. They are good for management and prevention of arthritis, attention deficit syndrome, heart diseases and even cancer.
Phytonutrients: Traditional medicines have always known the benefits of phytonutrients which are effective and safe. The more colour we add to our diet with various fruits and vegetables, the more phytonutrients we get. The plants are subjected to the same environmental conditions as we are, but they stay strong in every weather and revive back strongly. This is the benefit of the phytonutrients. Phytonutrients give us vitamins and minerals and antioxidants which help to gain immunity.
Fiber: It is the most overlooked nutrient. It does not provide any nutrition as such but very important for gastrointestinal health. It helps in food metabolism and digestion and many inflammatory bowel diseases may result if there is lack of fiber in diet.
Water: No nutrient would work if we don’t take adequate amounts of water, around 8-10 glasses of safe water every day. Water helps the nutrients to flow through systemic circulation and help in excretion of waste products in the body. Due to lack of water such waste may accumulate and give toxicity.

Why pursue Medical Lab Technology in light of the opportunities and potential prospects

Allied Medical or allied health science courses represent a discipline that involves the study of disease transmission, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. The allied medical professionals apply scientific principles or evidence-based practices to evaluate and then treat chronic as well as acute diseases. The field is concerned with the promotion of disease prevention, public wellness, improvement of quality of life in terms of health, as well as operation and management of the healthcare system. In addition to this, allied medical courses also deal with all kinds of diagnostic techniques that are crucial for providing the right treatment to patients. Some of the diagnostic techniques used in the medical field include pathological tests, blood analysis, radiography, tissue pathology, etc. Furthermore, unlike the education requirement to become a surgeon or physician the educational qualification for allied medical can ranges from UG/PG degrees to practical training. Many allied medical professionals specialise in the promotion of optimum function and health and the improvement of health-related quality of life. The allied medical professionals include supervisors working in medical laboratories, radio-imaging, neuro-physiology or optical laboratories and paramedical technicians.

Medical laboratory technology is the branch of Allied Health science responsible for performing laboratory investigations relating to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Adamas university have a large area of research laboratories which also include some of the diagnosis machines like –

Cell counter/ Haematology analyser
semi auto analyser
Microscope (simple, compound)
Incubator
Centrifuge
Water Bath
Hot air Oven
Bio safety Cabinet
Laminar Airflow
Refrigerator
Autoclave
Shaker
Microtome and many others well developed Instruments.

Adamas University is one of the best private universities in Kolkata, West Bengal. For its world-class education and Laboratories. More and more eligible aspirants are pursuing MLT courses because the medical lab technician field is expected to grow in India in the coming years. This growth is due to the increasing demand for diagnostic services and the need for more trained personnel to perform these services. The profession is expected to grow by 15% from 2014 to 2024, which is much faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is due to the increasing need for medical testing due to population growth and aging. Medical laboratory technicians are well-trained to handle different types of laboratory tests and procedures. MLT course graduates can work in hospitals, clinics, research institutes, biotechnology companies, diagnostic centres, and other healthcare establishments.

The medical lab technician field in India is rapidly growing and evolving. But so is the demand for MLT course graduates. With new technology and advances in medicine, there is a lot of potential for medical lab technicians after completing MLT course to make a difference in the healthcare industry. Many job opportunities are available for qualified candidates, and the future looks bright for those interested in this career.

Students should consider a B.Sc. in MLT programme for a variety of factors, including the following:

Graduates with a B.Sc. in MLT can choose from a variety of careers, including microbiologists, medical technologists, laboratory workers, and research associates.
In the area of medical laboratory technology, you can anticipate seeing rapid career growth and advancement as you acquire more experience and skills.
Graduates of the B.Sc. in MLT programme can anticipate competitive starting salaries in the medical sector with the potential for growth over time.
India’s healthcare and medical sectors are expanding and developing quickly, which is driving up demand for qualified medical workers. Graduates with a B.Sc. in MLT are highly sought after in healthcare facilities like clinics, hospitals, and study facilities.

Job openings in India for B.Sc. MLT grads

Graduates of the B.Sc. in MLT programme in India can choose from a range of positions in the public and private industries. Graduates with a B.Sc. in MLT may qualify for a variety of positions, including:

Healthcare administrators are responsible for overseeing the activities of clinics, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. They are in charge of the daily activities, personnel, and budgets.
Biomedical scientists are in charge of designing and evaluating medical tools and apparatus. They are employed by hospitals, medical technology firms, and study institutions.
Blood Bank Technicians are in charge of gathering, processing, and keeping donated blood in blood banks and transfusion facilities. They collaborate with a group of medical experts to guarantee that given blood is secure for use in patient transfusions.
Medical record technicians are in charge of organising and managing patient health information in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare institutions. They are also referred to as health information technicians.
In criminal inquiries, forensic scientists are in charge of analysing and interpreting physical evidence. They are employed by law enforcement organisations and investigative labs.
Medical transcriptionists: They write down medical records that doctors and other healthcare workers have dictated. They are employed by medical transcribing businesses, hospitals, and clinics.

Why study Pharmacy? Future Prospects & Opportunities

After getting the Bachelor in Pharmacy, several career opportunities are available in private companies as well as in government sectors. Different government jobs are also available in states and in central level like pharmacist in railways and in banking sectors. DRDO and defence ministry also recruits pharmacists to work with. Some other white colour jobs like drug inspector are also available in the public sector. The B. Pharm. degree, one of the few, offers graduates a variety of job options. Although primarily advantageous, this can occasionally be perplexing. To remove this confusion, you should be as knowledgeable as possible about your options for pursuing a B. Pharm. This will alter the way you view your career path. A great professional and career-focused degree is the B. Pharm. So, as soon as you graduate you can find a well-paying work. Several students choose this route and start working after graduation. The following professions are open to those with a B. Pharma:

Analytical Chemist

Chemists are professionals who give out medications that a doctor has prescribed for patients or people who are physically ill. Also, pharmacists are accountable for fulfilling the regulations necessary to prescribe drugs to anyone without first contacting a physician.

Hospital Drug Coordinator

The everyday operations of patient care facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings, are managed and planned by the clinical coordinator. He also supervises the day-to-day operations of the hospital staff. Working with numerous departments, ensuring good patient care, overseeing staff, helping certain patients in designated units, and attending regular meetings are among his main duties.

Production Chemists

They are responsible for batch production of drug API and formulations in a manufacturing plant. They use to run the machine, supervising the process parameters, documenting and maintaining the quality of the process and product.

QC chemists

They ensure that the raw material, primary and secondary packing materials are up to the mark. They are also responsible for in process checking of formulations and API. They are also responsible for validating the analytical equipment, new machine purchasing, better adherence with the STP and ultimately maintaining the quality testing.

Inspector

When a drug is permitted for sale to the general public, the drug inspector’s job officially begins. They must ensure that drugs are prepared properly and packed safely. They are responsible for the caliber of the item and its packaging. They must also conduct regular checks to guarantee the quality of the medication and the effectiveness of the manufacturing process.

Research Officer

Often known as a R&D scientist, a researcher manages research programs to achieve particular goals. They are responsible for determining the organization’s budgets, developing procedures, and identifying research goals.

Research & Development Executive

The drugs and vaccines of today are the outcome of research and development (R&D). R&D scientists are expected to have a solid grasp of chemistry and biology, perform animal and human trials, make reports on medical discoveries, assess the efficacy of currently available treatments, and create improved formulations.

Medical Writer

Medical writers translate drug trials, scientific research, and clinical data for use in regulatory presentations, medical journal abstracts, and distribution to a professional audience.

Clinical Researcher

coordinating the trial’s execution with investigators, consultants, or medical specialists. Making sure each location has the trial supplies, such as the trial medication, also referred to as the investigational medicinal product, is part of setting up the study sites.

Medical Representative

Pharmaceutical companies hire medical representatives (MRs) to meet with doctors and inform them about new medications that have been introduced to the market. They are similar to marketing managers for the company’s products. This is a critical position because MRs are in charge of generating sales of manufactured pharmaceuticals.

Graduates of the B Pharmacy programme are in high demand in the pharmaceutical industry. The B Pharm programme is designed to prepare students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry’s clinical and regulatory roles. The programme lasts nine months, and graduates usually receive their diplomas in December of their final year of study.

The number of pharma companies hiring B Pharm graduates is increasing as more companies seek candidates who have been specifically trained for this type of position.

The Indian pharmaceutical sector is one of the top markets for pharmaceuticals in the world especially in the post covid period. In India, the pharmaceutical sector is a rapidly expanding industry. India supplies more than 50% of the world’s needs for vaccines and generic medications.

Individuals with a B Pharmacy degree have numerous career options after completing this programme. The field in which you apply will also influence the pay of the job. Many other factors influence your pay, in addition to the course you completed. It would be beneficial if you could eventually decide which professional path is best for you.

If you want to increase your chances of finding a good job after graduating from pharmacy school, enrol in a reputable institute like Adamas University that offers advanced courses.

The Bachelor of Pharmacy degree can be completed in four years. Numerous universities and colleges in India offer excellent education in pharmacy. India has some of the best B pharmacy course facilities in the world.

If you’re looking for a B Pharmacy programme, look no further than Adamas University. Its programme is designed with cutting-edge curriculum and is dedicated to assisting you in succeeding by providing the support and resources you require to thrive.

The faculty has been specially trained for this programme, and they will assist you in navigating the curriculum. They are experienced professionals who have worked in healthcare settings and understand what it takes for an adult student to succeed.

The University has modern facilities and a large campus. Students can use the library, computer labs, study lounges, fitness centres, and other college facilities.

Why study Medical Laboratory Technology?

The one of the most common lab technology courses to pursue after high school (10+2) to become associated with pathological laboratories are a Bachelor’s degree in medical laboratory technology (B.Sc. MLT). The programme offers a robust professional path and a wide range of employment possibilities.

People who enrol in a Medical Lab Technician (MLT) course may find employment prospects in a range of medical specialties. They can find a variety of employment opportunities in the medical sector and related industries. Students studying medical lab technology (MLT) may also have a lot of opportunities in the advancement and investigation of the medical sciences.

Here are some reasons of choosing this demanding course are given below:

Flexibility in Career Paths

The wide range of career options available after completing a laboratory technician course is one of the primary advantages. You could work in non-profit healthcare organizations, educational schools, veterinary clinics, blood banks, forensic labs, crime labs, and medical research labs. Medical lab technicians will also have plenty of job possibilities in labs, hospitals, and clinics as demand for healthcare and infrastructure professionals is growing.

Additionally, laboratory technicians work in numerous fields worldwide, such as pharmaceutical businesses or Government-run healthcare or any International Health organisation.

A Rapid Entry Into The Health Sector

Getting a head start on your laboratory job is comparatively simpler than other courses due to the high demand for certified medical laboratory technologist. In addition to give you an early start, lab technician classes equip you with the abilities you need to ace speedy evaluations and promotions. After completion of B.Sc. MLT, students can easily get their jobs in various renowned health sectors.

Employment Opportunities

Jobs for medical laboratory techs and other workers with medical training have become more plentiful since the implementation of COVID 19. People became more aware of the role of lab technologist in diagnosis of diseases.

Scope in higher study

Various college and universities are now offering higher studies in this course. Students who want to pursue higher study or want to stick to the academic line after completion of BMLT can opt for MMLT (masters in medical lab technology) or PhD in medical laboratory technology.

Entry in Research:

Scientific study, medicine, and technology are all combined in medical laboratory technology. As a result, working in the field of medical lab technology offers the ideal opportunity to learn new skills and technologies while also assisting people receive medical care.

Utilizing cutting-edge techniques for data analysis is part of working with laboratory technology. As a result, students who loves technology and science should consider a job as a medical lab technologist after they graduate from high school.

Technology used in medical laboratories integrates several fields of study. You study the fundamentals of several medical specialties, including cell biology, plasma storage, immunology, medicinal chemistry, microbiology, pathologies, and haematology, during the medical lab technology course training.

Contribute Significantly to the Healthcare Sector

Your efforts as a medical laboratory technician are just as important as those of any other healthcare professional, such as a doctor or nurse. The biological, pathogenic, and microbiological analysis of cells, organs, and secretions is extremely important, just as the treatment of a patient is.

MLTs are used by medical professionals to identify illnesses and select potential treatments. If you want to play a significant role in the healthcare sector while remaining anonymous, MLT is the field for you.

Muography – Imaging using Atmospheric Muons (Photography with Photons, Muography with Muons – Simple!!)

Generation of muons from cosmic rays [Credit: https://physicsopenlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/muoncascade.jpg]

Atmospheric muons

“Who ordered that?” was the remark made by the famous Nobel laureate(for the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance) Isidor Isaac Rabi when muons were discovered. Scientists were looking for a meson predicted by another Nobel laureate (for his prediction of the existence of mesons)Hideki Yukawa. A particle, identified in a 1936 experiment on cosmic rays by Carl Anderson (yet another Nobel Prize winnerfor discovering positron) and Seth Neddermeyer, was tantalizingly close to the expected meson but not quite. Detailed analysis made it amply clear that a new elementary particle had been discovered that was almost like an electron, but with a mass roughly 200 times. They are produced in copious numbers when primary cosmic rays interact with the upper atmosphere of our planet, around 15kms above the surface of the earth. Because of their relativistic speed, a large number of them reach the surface of the earth despite the at rest lifetime of 2.2 microsecond. After reaching the surface, they penetrate and continue to travel till several kilometers inside the earth because of their enormous energy. It is interesting to note that thecosmic rays (mostly nuclei of hydrogen, some helium and very small trace of other elements) start their journey from all around the universe,right from its farthest corners, to our neighborhood stars and galaxies.

How can these muons be used?

Muons that reach the earth surface has a wide range of variation in momentum, starting from hundreds of MeV/c going right up to TeV/c.

They lose relatively small amount of energy when passing through intervening media because they do not have strong nuclear interactions and hardly produce electromagnetic cascades (till half of a TeV) and cause very few ionizations (after all, most of them belong to the group that is designated as minimum ionizing particles). Those reaching the earth surface are mostly in the range of 1 – 10 GeV and are known to penetrate almost a kilometer of rock. This power of penetration of the atmospheric muons has attracted lot of attention during recent times, because of the possibility of creating three-dimensional images of large objects, just as created using X-rays while carrying out a Computerized Tomography (CT) scan. For muon imaging, the idea is quite similar – while penetrating an object, a muon may get completely absorbed, or it can get scattered by the object material. The amount of absorption, or scattering gives us an idea of the object in the path of the muon and its material properties. If enough data is available, a tomographic reconstruction can yield even a 3D reconstruction of the object, just as obtained in a CT scan. If successful this approach can serve as a major Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) technique that can be useful in many spheres of science and technology. The major obstacle seems to be the fact that the muon flux on the earth surface is not very high, around 100 Hz per m², which translates toonly about 1 muon per minute across an area of 1 cm². This number can turn out to be pitifully low, especially when we are in a hurry to scan the object.

Muon imaging – initial attempts

The work on creating images using the atmospheric muons started during the middle of the last century when the British physicist Eric George made an attempt to measure the overburden of a mine in Australia using atmospheric muons. This was tried during 1955 when the technology of particle detectors was at its infancy. As a result, the work was carried out using only Geiger counters fixed on a rail that moved around the mine. The observed count rate of the counter was found to have a clear correspondence with the thickness of the overburden. The next major attempt was made by the Nobel laureate Luiz Alvarez when his team tried to image the internals of the Chephren’s pyramid in order to check whether an unknown upper chamber on top of the Belzoni chamberexist within the pyramid. This time, the detector used was spark chambers and the result was a discouraging negative. It also became obvious that the detector technology and analysis algorithmsneeded further improvement.

Early Geiger counter made by Hans Geiger, [Credit Science Museum London / Science and Society Picture Library 1932.Uploaded by Mrjohncummings, CC BY-SA 2.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28024312]

The equipment in place in the Belzoni Chamber under the pyramid. [Reproduced from Luiz W. Alvarez et al paper in Science 167 (3919)]

Muography comes of age

The particle detectors had their own evolution due to demands driven by other areas of science and technology, especially fundamental science and medical imaging. Important inventions such as the multiwire proportional chamber (Nobel prize for GeorgesCharpak in 1992), time projection chamber (TPC), plastic scintillators in conjunction with silicon photo multipliers (silicon photo multipliers are lot less expensive and power hungry than the traditional photo multipliers) are some of the prominent detectors that can be mentioned to indicate the feverous activity in this field. Similarly, computational power increased exponentially and sophisticated mathematical tools were developed for carrying out data analysis and image processing. As a result, what started as faltering steps by few individuals during the middle of the 20^th century, turned out to be an active area of research by the end of the same century. What makes the area of muon imaging, also known as muography these days, even more exciting are the facts that the muons are freely available, has no radiation concerns and represent a perfectly sustainable development.

Working principle of a TPC (by O. Schäfer) [Reproduced from https://www.lctpc.org/e8/e57671]

Various applications of muography

Since early years of the twenty first century, absorption, as well as scattering muography are being employed to reconstruct images of various objects of interest. The silicon photo multipliers are often used for absorption muographywhere angular resolution is not crucial. The interior of volcanoes in various countries, notably in Japan, Italy and France, have been imaged using this technique.The scattering muography, on the other hand, needs excellent angular resolution to identify the amount of scattering the muon suffers while traversing a given object. The gaseous ionization detectors are often the detectors of choice in this case. This approach has been used for cargo inspection, nuclear storage inspection etc. Some of the interesting and news breaking applications in recent times have been the ScanPyramidsproject where the great Khufu pyramid was scanned for unknown cavities within (a positive result obtained this time around) and monitoring of radioactivity after the Fukushima Daichinuclear crisisin Japan due to an earthquake and tsunami in 2011.

ScanPyramids experimental setup. Four Micromegas based detectors are shown collecting data of muons passing through the great pyramid. [Reproduced from https://www.caen.it/news/scanpyramids-project/]

Muon imaging setup for Fukushima Daiichi Unit 2.Credit: LA-UR-15-24802

Outlook

This has been a truly exciting field in terms of research and development. What is more, it is now being considered mature enough to be considered as a marketable technology. Several companies have started operating that work on providing muon imaging solutions. Some of these early torch bearers are Decision Sciences (US),Ideon (Canada),Lingacom (Israel),Lynekos (Scotland), MuonSolutions (Finland), Muon Systems (Spain). It is really heartening to see that research in particle physics and related fields has once again led to a safe and sustainable, yet effective, technology within a very brief period of time.

Since the field is still growing rapidly, it is possible to get associated with it from an R&D point of view. This will usually require expertise in particle physics experiments, knowledge about different detection systems and ability to handle sophisticated instruments. In addition, analysis of reasonably big data, machine learning algorithms, image processing techniques, tomography are key know-hows related to this emerging and exciting field.

Once someone gets trained in these areas, it is possible to find job opportunities in academia, research institutes and laboratories dealing with similar technologies. It is also possible to get involved in industries that work on imaging technologies (including muography), data analytics, IT, instrumentation and so on.

New Trends for Grey Water Treatment and their Reuse using MBR Technology

Yes, it is possible! Greywater is non-industrial wastewater generated from household works like dishwashing, laundry and bathing. Before decay, it was just an imagination of treating wastewater and reusing it, but in today’s scenario, this is happening for treatment of greywater for non-potable or potable purposes. According to the researchers, it is anticipated that one out of every three people would encounter water scarcity by the year 2030 or by the same period, there will be around 2.7 billion people on the planet. Governments and citizens have become more conscious of the issue in recent years. Authorities’ in-charge of water management handles the issue of water security and poses several concerns. Reduced cost measures increased awareness of water usage, as well as the installation of water-saving devices. Rain water collection and greywater treatment systems are viewed as possible alternatives, particularly in developing nations, where water constraint is more prevalent.

Grey water treatment is adopted in India at many colleges, schools, and residential buildings. So, let’s have a look over “New trends for grey water treatment and their reuse using MBR technology – a case study”.

Keywords: Grey water, MBR, Bio reactor, Optical density, Ceramic membrane, etc.

Treatment of wastewater from Adamas University’s main canteen:

The main canteen (fig.1) is open throughout the week so, works like dishwashing, floor cleaning, etc. are done at regular interval of time from this activities consumption of freshwater is increasing whereas if this discharged water can be treated and send back to the canteen for such non-potable purposes, then it would be a sustainable step towards reducing the freshwater consumption along with it. Grey water has many effects on our environment as these are directly discharged into the environment has both long-term and short-term environmental and human health consequences. Pollution of the soil and groundwater as well as crop damage is caused by high boron, sodium, or surfactant concentrations. Greywater has nutrients which may also cause

Fig.1 Main Canteen of Adamas University canteen

problems. Furthermore, environmental accumulation of heavy metals and micro pollutants may cause toxicity through the food chain, causing ecological imbalance and having a deleterious impact on humans [1].

Moving towards the methodology:

First of all, the work was started with a brief survey on work done and water consumed by the canteen, almost 12200 litres of water is discharged every day. This water was collected at the peak time (12 pm- 2 pm), and all the physicochemical parameters were checked which is shown below.

After a details study done on physicochemical parameters, the second step is biological treatment as the wastewater treatment is done with MBR (Membrane Bio-Reactor) and this biological treatment process is much more important in the full methodology. This method is much different and unique from another method as it’s a combination of both biological treatment and membrane filtration.

Fig 2 Principle of MBR

The membrane bioreactor consists of two primary parts as shown below where for biodegradation of waste compounds viz. biological unit is responsible and for physical separation of treated water from the mixed liquor membrane module is required. Various options are introduced for greywater treatment like simple treatment (coarse filtration and disinfection), chemical system (photocatalysis, electro-coagulation, coagulation, etc,), Biological system (biological aerated filter, rotating biological contractor, and membrane bioreactors), and natural system (construction of wet lands).

Working on bioreactor:

In this stage, a certain amount of grey water sample was mixed with activated sludge that was collected from STP (Sewage Treatment Plant, New Town, Kolkata). From this bacterial growth, the Optical Density (OD) vs. Time curve (fig.3) was also estimated which is necessary to determine the working efficiency of microorganisms present in the sample.

Fig. 3 Optical Density

In this step, three sets were done with different concentrations of sludge, and with regular time intervals. Optical Density (OD) was checked to see the growth of microbes using a double beam spectrophotometer with 600 wavelengths [2].

Types of MBR setup:

Figure 4 shows two types of MBR set up in which one is side stream (fig.4(a) and the other one is submerge MBR (fig.4(b)). Here we have used the side stream MBR set up for the experiment.

What is Membrane technology?

Membrane technology has been adopted by all the engineering approaches into day’s scenario. In the field of wastewater treatment membrane technology is getting important because with the help of ultra/microfiltration possibilities for removal of particles, colloids and macromolecules are more. So, this is more efficient and sustainable for the treatment of wastewater. A membrane can be defined as a thin layer of semi-permeable material which is used in solute separation as transmembrane pressure is applied across the membrane.

In the present work, ceramic membrane is used, ceramic membrane consists of solid layers of metal oxide (e.g., palladium, silver,zirconia, alumina, titania, etc.), It has a lifecycle of up to 20 years which may be used in potable water treatment, food and dairy industry, chemical industry, etc. Flat sheet, hollow fibre, multichannel tubular element, and monolithic are some of the forms in which ceramic membranes are available [3].

Classification of pressure-driven membranes and schematic illustrations of their operation is according to the pore size as shown in figure 5.

Fig. 5 Classification of pressure driven membranes and schematic illustrations of their operation are according to the pore size.

After completing all the procedures, the last step is filtration with a ceramic membrane to obtain the pure permeate water.

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of Greywater treatment with ceramic membrane bioreactor technology [4].

As of now around 300 working in different parts of the world, Japan utilizes mostly this technology which are being used for water reusing in their locality. In India, MBR technology is now being used as CSIR-CG&CRI, Kolkata has developed their indigenous ceramic membrane technology.

After reading the above content, the question may arise in the reader’s mind why membrane technology? Why not the conventional technology or any other? What advantages we are getting from this. So, the advantages of using ceramic membrane are as follows.

MBR is an alluring and plausible innovation for on-site treatment applications. Predictable supplement expulsion is conceivable with the MBR technology. MBR is more effective in treating wastewaters that are challenging for conventional biological treatment systems. In India MBR technology is adopted by many industries now a day.

	MBR Technology	Other technology
MLSS membrane fouling	low	High
Membrane flux	Low	High
Recirculation energy	Low	High
Scanning requirement	Low	High
Footprint	Low	High
Effluent quality	High	Low
Energy required	Moderate	High

It was seen that the MBR technology with ceramic membrane works efficiently with comparison to other technology. This can be adopted in our university to return the treated water in the canteen for non-potable purposes. A step towards sustainable development!!

References

Majumdar, S., Sarkar, S., Ghosh, S., Bhattacharya, P., Bandyopadhyay, S., Saha, A., … & Roy, S. N. (2018). New Trends for Wastewater Treatment and Their Reuse Using Ceramic Membrane Technology: A Case Study. In: Singh V. P., Yadav S., Yadava R. (eds) Water Quality Management, Water Science and Technology Library, 79, page 339-348, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5795-3_29,Springer, Singapore (Online ISBN:978-981-10-5795-3).
Racar, M., Dolar, D., Karadakić, K., Čavarović, N., Glumac, N., Ašperger, D., &Košutić, K. (2020). Challenges of municipal wastewater reclamation for irrigation by MBR and NF/RO: Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters and emerging contaminants. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137959.
Bandyopadhyay S, Kundu D, Roy S N, Ghosh B P, Maiti H S (2006) Process for preparing water having an arsenic level of less than 10 PPB. US Patent 7014771.
Bhattacharya P, Ghosh S, Sarkar S, Majumdar S, Bandyopadhyaya S (2011) Effectiveness of biosorption assisted microfiltration process for treatment of domestic wastewater. Bioremediation J., 15:206–217.

Structural Engineering- Brief Introduction and Career Opportunities

Who are the makers of these enormous structures and designs?

How they have been built?

The fitting answer to all the questions above is “Structural Engineering”.

Under the numerous branches of Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering is one of the most important one. It oversees plans and manages different developments like construction of flyovers, bridge formation, excavation of tunnels, erecting towers, and so on. In other words, majorly the structural engineers ensure construction safety and solidarity of our structures that they would withstand every one of the environmental conditions.

Structural engineers are specialized in determining the integrity of a structure. They assess the issues that a structure may have and build up arrangements as solutions to that. They possess the knowledge to determine the strength, durability, and safety of any given structure.

Well, if you are someone who finds these things fascinating, then you can opt for the course M.Tech in Structural. It is a two-year program in which candidates will be taught about the modern methodologies of designing a structure, they will study about the advanced usages of construction materials and analysis processes of structures using different software under forces especially dynamic in nature.

Here, at Adamas University this program is offered with the goal to deliver specialists who will have basic technical ability and strong analytical skills to create structural designs and to analyze them at ease. Students in this course learns majorly learns about the materials used in construction work and get trained on cutting edge ideas of designing through various activities and dissertation work. Structural dynamics and earthquake-resistant design of structures, rehabilitation of the structure, advanced materials and dissertation is a portion of the significant points shrouded in the M.Tech in Structural Engineering course.

It is reasonably a practical learning course as well where understudies are given project work that enables students to learn about Structure Design labs, the latest design software, and construction material lab.

Although it may sound as interesting as anything, this course cannot be pursued by any graduates. Some Specific eligibility criteria need to be fulfilled.

Eligibility Criteria for Admission

Criteria mentioned below are essential to take admission in the course:

Any candidate must hold a Civil Engineering BE/ B.Tech degree from any recognized university plus a valid GATE scorecard.
Or, Special Institutional exams (Adamas University Admission Test) and Personal Interview.

Now, one must be wondering about career options a candidate would get after completing the M.Tech degree in structural engineering.

Career Options and Job Prospects for Structural Engineers

Any course completion will offer either to go for higher studies or to look for job opportunities. If someone is fond of academics and has a thing to learn the engineering concepts even deeper, then they can opt for Ph.D. from IITs, NITs, or from any reputed university from India or abroad. Coming back to job opportunities, after post-graduation in Structural Engineering one can look out for work openings in private construction organization as Structural Engineer or Structural consultant. One can seek employment in the government public sector as well through exams these PSU’s organizes. Structural engineers can start their career as construction designers or as consulting engineers at any organization and can then be promoted up to the position of the project manager or functional manager for design or construction operation later on with ample experience which they will master throughout their career. In any case, they would initially have to acquire the Professional Engineering (PE) license, on the grounds that only authorized specialists can accept obligations for public activities. The social roles of professionals in Structural engineering play a huge impact in the construction industry. A candidate can be recruited with a wide range of roles and responsibilities depending on the project they will be working on.

To summaries the whole thing let me share my experience as a Structural Engineer

How’s a common day for a Structural Engineer?

As a Structural Engineer one has two very distinct professional choices:

work as a site engineer, in which case the job will be based on the construction site and the responsibility for the work going on there will be assigned.
or then again be a specialist, where the job will be an office-based one and the major responsibility will be setting up the drawing, plans, and designs which the contractor utilizes as direction for their construction.

Working Ethics and Coordination of Structural Engineers:

It is important for the last mentioned and in the workplace, various issues each day were taken care of by the officials. Typically, 3D logical models of structures were made, and one needs to completely see and understand how the stress distributed through the structure down into the ground. This part sets aside some effort to resolve, thus consistently one must be building up an alternate design for their structure. Likewise, the fundamental layout is coordinated with different orders like design, mechanical and electrical drawings, and so on here and there. The position of a line or a major window could influence the design thus a team routinely needs to sit together to determine conflicts until everything works fine and is completely coordinated. Like this every day would throw new challenges towards us.

Today in this new age era where everything is available at finger tips, for structural engineering also there are wide range of software available now-a-days. For Bridge Engineering MIDAS software is there similarly for RC structures StaadPro and ETABS and for Steel Structures Tekla software is there. In recent time software like SAP and other similar software gaining popularity for doing dynamic analysis of structures considering earthquake vibration into account. All modern-day structures have to go through the dynamic analysis. The challenge for one budding structural engineer would be to master the skill in all of the software to build a good career being a structural engineer.