sounak, Author at Adamas University

COVID impact, new trends and research in Civil Engineering and Construction

For the last two and half years, people of this planet have experienced a pandemic situation due to outbreak of Novel Corona virus. As per the situation, there is scarcely any country that has remained unchanged by the harshness of this virus. Our country is not an exception from this pandemic. Sometimes positivity rate of Corona Virus came down but suddenly it has started a reverse flow towards higher positivity during the last three waves happened till date. Not only the human lives but most of the commercial activities also had been suffering by the pandemic. Some industries might had overcome the pandemic situation but most of them faced much difficulties and obviously construction engineering sector was also in the list.

The construction industry and civil engineering add mainly to the Indian economy. The unfavourable situation due to pandemic has caused all construction projects to come to an end suddenly but the jobs in design sectors were managed by work from home. Construction industry, the main pillar of the national economy had faced a long challenge like regulatory burden under environmental laws which had coupled with the pandemic. Subsequently lockdown imposed to deal with the situation restricting the movement of people, gatherings and strictly maintaining social distance. All these had made a tremendous effect in Indian economy and construction industry has been halted throughout the country.

In India, the dilemma for the Civil engineering sector is high and it is infuriated and hard to treat with as there is no standard format of contracts for construction sector. There could be immense variations in particular state of affairs of a Construction and Engineering contract. Although, there is standard forms of construction and engineering contracts by International Federation of Consulting Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers and Indian Institute of Architects but at that times they are eagerly settled and hence it lost uniformity.

In most of the construction and engineering, contracts parties generally mention the time of completion of works. Due to Novel Corona Virus, workers did not feel safe to work in the construction site and they returned to their home leaving their job. So, many of the projects were not completed in stipulated period and the contractor became a defaulter. In some cases, contractors had to pay compensation for delay in completing the project.

Government of India declared closing of all universities, colleges and schools. The whole education system suffered a lot due to the situation and came to a worst situation. To Cope with the situation, online classes were started but by the method, teacher was unable to identify the effective attendance of a particular student for the entire class session but one good thing is that there is no loss of time for to and fro during online classes and as most of the time students remain at home, they can easily join some other online activities like attending in Webinar, others Professional course etc. to improve their knowledge and skill . In case of normal situation when the students would attend classes physically, it would not be possible for them to attend such courses which even conducting from abroad also.

But online system had disadvantage also. It was not possible exactly to evaluate a student in the online examination as some of students took help of open book, open study materials, internet search and help from friends during examination time. Some students received participation certificate of Webinar without attending attentively.

As a result, some changes happened in Civil Engineering and Construction sector to adopt the situation. Earlier contractors in the sites would to hire many labours to complete the project. But due to pandemic, contractors hired less number of labours and used many machineries in construction works. Ready mix concrete was brought from Batching plant instead of producing concrete at site. Digital system, like Building Information Modelling and integrated project management platforms were already recognized as digital building blocks for the construction industry. Also, repetitive and dangerous works that people want to avoid means implementation of automation can support the industry’s labour and skills crisis. At that moment, robotic automation deals enormous possibility to increase output, efficiency and flexibility of construction process throughout the construction industry, as well as to automate the fabrication of modular houses, robotic welding and material handling on construction sites, robot 3D printing of structures. As well as building the industry safer and more cost efficient, robots are recuperating sustainability and dropping environmental impact by enhancing recycling by means of cutting waste. Robots can produce safer construction by managing heavy loads, working in unsafe locations and enabling safer ways of construction. With the industry producing increased environmental pollution and the need for more cost-effective structures, robotic automation reduces waste by improving quality, which is important when it’s approximated that up to a quarter of materials out of total materials transported to a construction site leaves as waste. With automation and digital technology, Engineers can also design waste out at the beginning of a project through effective Building Information Modelling and construction processes.

Very renowned Universities like us designed Smart Lab by which student can watch a live demonstration of all parts of a particular experiment. Virtual Internship was also arranged for the student. In Virtual Internship, the video of Construction site works were shown to students by the Senior executives of the company. The conduction of recruitment drive was also easier as it was done online. Students had not missed even any event as all were organised by online mode. By using of digital library, students were able to view and download books, journals. Research activities were not stopped also during the pandemic situation. Researcher provided priority on Analytical research than Descriptive research in the current situation and also changed the area of research to suit Analytical research.

In a concluding remark, Every problem has a best solution; you just need to discover it.

Further Studies

Genetics: A field to excavate for futuristic potentials

According to Edwin Grant Conklin, “what molecules and atoms and electrons are to physicists and chemists, chromosome and genes are to biologists”.

At the end of school days, as the students are at the verge of initiating their higher education, they develop a fairly vivid idea about their inclination towards a particular subject of interest. This decision is the most crucial stepping stone in the budding path of their career. If the science of life fascinates a student, then the curriculum of biology provides a basic introduction to different fields of biological science like botany, zoology, physiology, microbiology, genetics, etc. Some of these fields are classical while the others are contemporary with continuous addition of recent technologies and novel findings.

When a young scientific mind intends to unravel the mystery underlying the behaviour and characteristic features of the living world, the interrogation should be triggered at the level of DNA. DNA is an astonishing molecule that stores every possible information of all life forms: How they look like? Do they resemble their parents? How they function? Whether a person is more inclined to have a disease or whether a person can have some power to avoid a disease? How to increase yield of a crop? And many other questions find their answer in this central molecule of biology. In short, DNA is the language that writes the story of genes according to which the life forms enact.

What is Genetics all about?

Genetics, as a key field of biological science, is the blend of classical concepts of hereditary passage of genetic information from parent to offspring or of a population as a whole together with recent advancements of applied science as in genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, forensics and pharmacogenomics. The advancement in this field is now prompting the use of genetic information in designing disease treatment in an individualistic manner – the very essence of personalized medicine or “precision medicine” that may provide life-saving cues for ailments that are hard to treat. Using the concept of genomics and transcriptomics we can also increase sustainability of agriculture, improve crop production (genetically modified crops) to solve the global problem of food scarcity. As a major component of forensic science it is indispensable for solving cases of criminology, dubious parenthood and other issues of biological relevance under legal surveillance. Even the most complex form of genetic information is opening up through high throughput advancements like human genome project.

Components of the subject worth mentioning:

Classical genetics: Classical Genetics is the oldest discipline of genetics based on Mendelian inheritance that provided many insights into inherited traits and elucidated many inherited human disorders that were known to follow Mendel’s law of inheritance and were useful to explain the reappearance of disease within families.

Population genetics: Population genetics deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and the dynamics of how populations evolve as a result of the propagation of genetic mutations occurring within the germlines of individuals together with contribution of evolutionary attributes.

Conservation Genetics: Conservation genetics is an interdisciplinary extension of population genetics for conservation and restoration of biodiversity through comprehension of the dynamics of genes in populations.

Quantitative Genetics: Quantitative genetics deals with the genetics of traits that are continually fluctuating on the basis of alterations in the frequency distribution of traits that are difficult to assign in discrete phenotypic classes.

Ecological Genetics: It deals with features associated with fitness that are involved in interactions between/ within species, and between an organism and its environment.

Medical genetics: In the field of medicine it deals with application of genetics for diagnosis and management of genetic diseases apart from investigating the causes and inheritance of the disorders.

Immunogenetics: It refers to the scientific discipline that studies the molecular and genetic basis of the immune response with emphasis on immunological pathways as well as genetic variations that result in immune defects. It is a subfield of medical genetics.

Molecular genetics: Molecular genetics is concerned with the structure and function of genes at the molecular level and utilizes molecular biology tools and technique of genetic engineering to manipulate organism’s genome that gets translated through protein function to health and disease.

Human genetics: It involves the study of the human genome and the gene transmission from one generation to the next. It is an interdisciplinary field contributed by classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counselling.

Combining the concepts derived from the above mentioned subfields of genetics, every now and then, new areas of scientific knowledge and research are coming up to find the answers of countless questions that are unaddressed till date in living world and its complexity. The new fields with immense potential for research activity that are worth mentioning are Genomics, Epigenomics, Metagenomics, Phramacogenomics, and many others.

Career options:

Genetic Counsellors –Due to increase in gene-based therapies and wellness treatments, there is a rise in demand for Genetic counsellors for Pedigree analysis, identification of risk factors, etc.
Forensic Science Research Associates/ Scientist – Law enforcement firms recruit geneticists to identify and analyze the evidences from DNA samples, tissue samples, etc. from potential crime scenes.
Genetic Scientist in Agriculture & Food – For food and agriculture based industries, new varieties of genetically modified crops are being generated by manipulating plant genes. The resultant varieties are generated for increased yield, resistance to pests and plant pathogens or for increasing tolerance of the plants for adverse environmental conditions. It is not limited to plants, the scientist work on animal breeds also to get a better variety.
Scientific Researcher – With a doctoral degree a student of genetics can work on a scientific project involving the study of various genes and their regulations to pave the way towards new discoveries like CRISPR gene editing. The Human Genome Project or the 1000 genome project is a hallmark achieved by genetic scientist.
Academic researcher: As an academic researcher one can apply his/her expertise and skills developed through study and research: as a teacher as well as a researcher. And contribute to journals and books with research articles and new findings.
Medical Scientist –The medical scientist can use sequence information to understand genetic disorders especially those with hereditary conditions and find a solution for them. They can address not only diseases of population in general but also at level of individuals based on response of his genome towards medication – the very essence of precision medicine or personalized medicine.
Scientific Content Writer –Scientific writing is a very lucrative career at present and in the coming years as it offers you to learn in the field of one’s mother subject as well as earn.

Genetics is the science of future. As all aspects of life are being questioned for improvisation or for addressing errors or deficiencies, the molecules regulating life are now and will always be in limelight and those molecules are indeed the DNA, RNA and proteins. Therefore innumerable DNA and RNA analysis are awaiting technical knowledge of upcoming geneticists. So the job and research prospect of genetics students are broadening day by day for the young people who aspires to do something new, something different. To open up the prospects of such promising career for our future students, Department of Microbiology from School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University is opening a new three year undergraduate course BSc with Honours in Genetics.

Curriculum: Addressing all the components in the field of genetics the courses offered include the following:

Fundamental Courses: Principles of Transmission genetics, Population and Evolutionary Genetics, Biochemistry, etc.
Advanced Courses: Immunology, Molecular Biology, Microbial genetics, Genomics & Proteomics, Nanotechnology, etc.
Applied Courses: Bioanalytical tools, Genetic modification in agriculture, food and medicine, Tools for gene expression analysis, Genetic disorder and gene therapy, etc.
Skill Enhancement Courses: Molecular diagnostics & genetic counselling, Basics of Forensic Science, Bioinformatics, Intellectual Property Right (IPR) etc.

With all technologically advanced laboratory facilities available and highly qualified faculty members who excel in their respective fields of expertise, our department presents a perfect ambience for the students to undertake BSc Honours in Genetics as a choice to begin their career.

Microbiologist: A prominent career choice for biology students

Biology aspirants at School level:

While the interest in studying biology at School level starts with understanding cells, both plants and animals, it takes a peak during the study of human system. While traditional zoology, botany and physiology creates the base for understanding biology, advancements in the form of microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology etc. paves the path of inquisitiveness among the biology lovers at the school level. This lead to the selection of medical or non-medical biological subjects as career option for the aspirant biologists.

Exploring the less known world:

Microbiology has always been frontrunner among the choice of such biology-aspirants for their studies at undergraduate level beyond medical education (Refer: https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/microbiologyplus-the-most-promising-career-path-beyond-medical-education/ ).

‘Knowing the unknown and seeing the unseen” has been the trend of human acumen since the inception of human race. Microbiology stimulates this, with the challenge of finding novel microorganism (bacteria, virus, protozoa, algae etc.) and a plethora of their magnificent properties. Till date the share of known microorganisms has not even reached 1% posing immense prospect for the future. The microbial world extends from the hottest region of the world to the coolest, from the top of the Everest to the Mariana trench and from the gut of human to the solar panel. Diversity of microorganisms holds the key and charm to study the subject.

Knowledge, Skill and Competency development:

Striking balance between diversity as well as specialization is important during the selection of stream/ subject to be opted for career. The three major focus on the 3-4 year undergraduate degree as well as 1-2 years of post-graduate degree lies in the development of theoretical knowledge, technical skills and more importantly competency as life-long learner. Studies in microbiology provides a well-balanced blending of these enhancing theoretical knowledge to strive for innovation, hands-on skills to work in an industry/ research as well as gain like skills and competency to remain relevant and updated despite rapid technological evolution.

Curriculum:

Studies in microbiology at undergraduate as well as post graduate level is generally divided into several courses as mentioned in the following:

Fundamental Courses: Bacteriology, Virology, Biochemistry etc.
Advanced Courses: Immunology, molecular Biology, microbial genetics etc.
Applied Courses: Food and Dairy Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Agricultural Microbiology, Industrial Microbiology etc.
Skill Enhancement Courses: Quality Control & Quality Assurance, Vaccine Technology, Bioinformatics, Intellectual Property Right (IPR) etc.

Most academic institutions follow a Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) to design their curriculum of Microbiology. However, a few institutions also offer ‘Outcome Based Education’, a student centric educational model employed to maximize learning outcome of the enrolled students.

Infrastructure, facility and Instructors:

Studies in microbiology require sophisticated instruments, well-equipped laboratories and well trained instructors to create a strong base for the students. Unfortunately, many institutions lack these facilities and treat it alongside other conventional subjects. The major requirements in supporting all round development of a microbiologists includes (not limited to):

Laboratory Facility (Basic): Laboratory with Bio-Safety Level: I (BSL-I)
Instruments (Basic): Microscope, Autoclave, Laminar Air Flow, Centrifuge etc.
Instruments (Sophisticated): -80°C freezer, Phase contrast microscope, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, HPLC etc.
Facility: Animal Cell Culture, Plant Tissue Culture, Animal House etc.
Co curricular Facility: Tinkering Lab, Incubation Centre, Fabrication Lab etc.

technicians trained in microbiology. However, most of the institutes run the UG and PG program in microbiology employing faculty members from other domain of biology (e.g. botany, zoology etc.) not having requisite exposure and expertise in the core domains of microbiology. The emergence of microbiology as a specialized field of biology also demands the involvement and guidance of personnel from the field of microbiology for proper dissemination of knowledge and skill of aspirant microbiologists. People having relevant industrial exposure adds on significant weightage in terms of leveraging benefit to the students.

Career path:

Despite of the abundance of open source information and higher digital access/ literacy, career path remains unclear to most students at the entry level to graduation. Over rated courses, glorified outcome and rationalizing odd success stories make students a victim during admissions. The following career path of microbiologists are stated to uncover the potential strength as well as challenges to be faced:

Teaching: ‘Teacher shapes the future of the coming generation’ This still motivates a lot of students to take up teaching at various level viz. school, college or university as their preferred profession. Microbiology graduates are not only eligible to appear for most of the school level recruitment process (e.g. School Service Commission, WB) they find it ease during exam and highly relevant during teaching. Joining colleges (both govt. or private) after the completion of M.Sc. in Microbiology is a lucrative option while clearing NET (National Eligibility Test)is highly competitive. Teaching at university level having independent research career, guiding Ph.D. students is also highly sought after career.
Researcher/Scientists: Most of the students of microbiology aspire to pursue Ph.D. on completion of their M.Sc. and conduct research for creation of knowledge towards human and societal development. There are plenty of research institutes, universities offering position of Junior Research Fellow (JRF), Senior Research Fellow (SRF) in the domain of microbiology (e.g. IISER, IIT, Bose Institute, NIBMG, IACS, IICB etc.). Research funding is mostly obtained from government through Department of Science & Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) etc. The researchers receive good amount of fellowship during the PhD tenure, through these schemes. After completion of PhD, students join institutes as senior researchers or scientists. Alternatively, they continue their research as Post-Doctoral Fellow in India or Abroad. The offer of fellowship at this level is attractive and often higher than the salary offered through regular employment.
Industry: While knowledge is created at the university level, its implementation is seen in the industry. There is a boom of biotechnology and allied industries that require trained microbiologists at various level. UG level students are employed as Trainee, laboratory technicians etc. in the Quality Control, production department. While students completing M.Sc. are recruited as QC executive, microbiologists etc. Students having Ph.D. are mostly employed in the R&D division. It is to be emphasized that all pharmaceutical, food, biotech industries have definite requirements of microbiologists as a part of regulatory compliances. Hence, there lies a constant need of microbiologists at various industries.
Entrepreneurship: The present generation of students have found a suitable solution to the problem of unemployment by the creation of start-up employing their domain knowledge or interest. Several innovative ideas in the form of product or service has led to the development of enterprise making the students ‘job creators rather than job seekers’. Microbiology has enough scope of developing products related to medical, agricultural and also of inter-disciplinary nature that can be nurtured in the incubation facility in creating a start-up. The Govt. is constantly encouraging such activities with various financial and regulatory support through creation of proper start-up ecosystem at the higher educational institutions.

Thus, Microbiology offers enough scope of quenching thirst for knowledge, ignition towards innovation and having a successful career. However, the success highly depends on the quality of training obtained during academic tenure and perseverance.

5G Implementation to 6G Evolution in IoT

The change from landline phones to the movability that 1G distant advancement offered was an immense leap. However, in our view, the leap from 4G to 5G is in much the same way enormous, as 5G is the vessel that will broaden the Internet of Things (IoT) climate decisively. We expect the creating number of related contraptions passing on at higher multi-gigabit data speeds and dare to increase network capacity to work with 5G’s gathering rate. Besides, as individual and corporate clients experience 5G’s benefits, they will clear a path for 6G’s augmentation — which history proposes is most likely going to come sooner than later.

Key Points

Broadband IoT, including 4G and 5G far off headways, is ready to outperform 2G besides, 3G as the part that engages the greatest piece of IoT applications from one side of the planet to the other by 2027.
The amount of related IoT contraptions generally extended by around 9% in 2021 to 2.3 billion unique endpoints. Moreover, that number should pass twofold to more than 27billion when 2025.
The energy for 5G continues to grow with associations beforehand executing the advancement. 5G should make 4G old by 2030, along these lines, with everything taken into account 6G could be Again ready to change IoT.

5G Network Expected to Widespread in 2025

As with each new alliance, a mass get-together of 5G will take time, yet not as much time as its forerunners. The 3G social affair wasn’t fast due to purchasers floundering towards change and 3G’s more extreme expense networks. The clearest system for drawing in an agreed data network development combines exploring the speed at which past cell networks were made. Shipped off in 2001, 3G cell networks didn’t change into the norm until 2007, when clients embraced 3Gconnected phones — four years after 3G opened up and 16 years after 2G moderate accessibility opened up. Generally, 4G cell networks were conveyed in 2009 and changed into the standard four years eventually later in 2013 — two years faster than the 2G to 3G change and simply a brief timeframe after 3G shipped off.

Cell Information Network Ages as The Years Progressed

As per these certain examples, we expect 5G’s gathering rate to go on in the steps of 4G’s fast move to standard. After a restricted scope course of action in 2015, as attempts began testing 5G advancement, current appraisals suggest an overall inevitable gathering of 5G occurs in 2025 4G flexible enrolments are projected to top at 4.7 billion in Quarter 4 2021, and a short time later constantly decline to 3.3 billion around the completion of 2027, as 5G transforms into the fundamental participation choice.

Telecoms Report for 5G Adoption Evident Already

In its middle, 5G is planned to further develop the IoT’s buying experience. Purchasers will need to get to cloud organizations rolling from multiplayer cloud gaming, extended reality (AR)- filled shopping experiences, and permission to free robots for movements. As buyers experience 5G power, the more they’re likely going to research. Additionally, according to telecom providers, the word is getting out. Verizon itemized that 25% of its buyer distant clients used 5G-capable contraptions under a year after their conveyance, well before 4G’s 10% gathering rate a year after ship off. As a part of the 5G increment, telecoms are shutting down additional laid outages, including 3G, to reuse frequencies and work on their 4G and 5G associations. AT&T logically progressed away from the 3G relationship in February 2022 T-Mobile means to make a move as needs be in July, and Verizon before the ongoing year’s over by the completion of 2027, 40% of cell IoT affiliations should be broadband IoT (4G/5G).

5G’s Power on display

A couple of extraordinary IoT associations are early adopters of 5G advancement. From time to time, 5G made their more prepared models old. In various cases, 5G nudged the improvement of new advances. One model is Qualcomm’s Snapdragon, the association’s adaptable structures on a chip (SoC) thing suite. In handsets, the Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 is the world’s most significant 5G modem-radiofrequency reply for showing up at a 10-gigabit download speed or 10,000 megabits. At this speed, colossal data records can be downloaded rapidly. For setting, 4K spouting across different contraptions expects around 100 megabits or 1% of Snapdragon 8 Gen 1’s most extreme limit. Qualcomm checks that 5G-engaged handsets will show up at 750 million units sold in 2022. Cisco’s Catalyst 900X trading stage is another model. In light of Cisco’s Silicon One development, the 900X licenses the association to use quick Wi-Fi 6E sections to give 5G and cloud-based game plans. It expands the presence of existing cabling from 1 to 10 gigabits. Cisco hopes to offer 5G as an a-organization game plans commonly open to private endeavors, the advancement ability of which could be gigantic given the prerequisite for further developed data speeds, cloud accessibility, and flexibility in blend strategies. All around, attempts reliant upon security, similar to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and organizations, such as programming as-expert association, Zendesk, relied upon Cisco’s switch advancement. Cisco expects spending on private LTE and 5G association establishment by relationship to outperform $5.7 billion by 2024. Likewise, mechanical innovation association ABB worked together with frameworks organization and telecom association Ericsson to make the keen handling plants address what might be on the horizon. ABB expects to include 5G advancement to motorize client help with utilities, present-day, transport, and structure pieces. 5G should allow more modern office robots to exploit the cloud for more unmistakable figuring power and discard comparatively inefficient and extreme in-house central dealing with units or plans taking care of units. All the while, robots can be controlled utilizing a 5G remote organization inside a distance of 1.5 kMS and in any case show steady control, given 5G’s super-low torpidity capacities. The overall market for 5G in cloud mechanical innovation should create at a 79.2% form yearly improvement rate to reach $10.6 billion by 2028.

5G Adoption to Surface the Way for 6G

We guess that fundamental tailwinds ought to result from 5G’s ability to relate, all things considered, everyone and everything speedier and more strongly than any time in late memory. Additionally, 5G’s accelerated gathering rate near to its predecessors will set up the overall economy for an altogether faster rollout representing things to come. 6G, which could hit the market by 2030, will offer more imperative use of circled radio access association (RAN), terahertz (THz) range for essentially more prominent cut off, lower dormancy, and better reach sharing so various classes of clients can safely have a comparative repeat gathering. With inventive work in progress starting around 2020, 6G will progress IoT impressively further towards a possible destiny of totally savvy and autonomous structures. Regardless, first, we’ll embrace 5G and its benefits as a general rule, which are currently starting to show up.

Advantages of 5G Communication

Fast Speed: The zenith speed of 5G correspondence can reach to 10Gbps up and 20Gbps down. Clients can truly experience speeds of 50Mbps up and 100Mbps down.

High cut off: 5G correspondence network is prepared for supporting high-thickness contraption affiliations and high breaking point data transmission. The presentation rundown of a 5G correspondence network is 1,000,000 contraption relationships for each square kilometer. Meanwhile, the display record of a 5G correspondence network is 10Mbps data transmission capacity per square meter.

High unfaltering quality: 5G correspondences support significantly strong data affiliations. Additionally, a show indication of high steadfastness tends to 0.001% package incident rate. This speed is like fiber optic trades. 5G correspondence network utilizes the consideration and convenience of low repeat band and the high information move limit and high speed of high repeat band to give high trustworthiness correspondence to clients through multi-affiliation advancement.

Low deferral: 5G correspondence has unimaginably low dormancy. Moreover, the typical show record of 5G correspondence’s beginning to end inaction is 1ms.

Low power use: 5G correspondence can figure out the traits of low power usage in unambiguous circumstances. 5G correspondence maintains high rest/development extent and broadened rest when no data is conveyed. In low power wide locale association (LPWAN), IoT has a remarkable application prospect.

6G Infrastructure Scenarios

Other than the utilization of new recurrence goes, an examination concerning new organizations is necessary. While certain uses of 5G will likewise keep on being conveyed in the current 5G groups, which, over the long run, perhaps rethought to 6G.

Industrial Networks

While 5G was inventive in presenting the chance of industry 4.0, we infer that 6G will take colossal steps in changing the social occasion and creation processes. The improvement of present-day affiliations will rely on useful social affairs of current and future radio access advances to the key business 4.0 and past use cases. Current associations are viewed as privatized, zeroing in on insane persevering through quality and ultralow idleness.

The critical strategy use cases are:

Correspondence among sensors and robots
Trades across different robots for coordination of attempts
Correspondence between human current office heads and robots.

Right now, to accomplish the necessities for ultrahigh unwavering quality, most of the business approaches are going on a few spots in the extent of 3.4 and 3.8 GHz, where the spread divert is decently rich to the degree that diffraction ability. Regardless, machines with immense openness in the 6G period will likewise request high information rates close by advancing control and Al to have the decision to convey and manage top-quality visual information, drawing in robotized twins of machines and activities, too s remote inspecting. To this end, we expect the utilization of millimeter Wave frequencies notwithstanding bundles under 6 GHz for the present-day relationship over the going 10 years.

Wireless Personal Area Networks(WPANs)

One more area of affiliation is WPANS and far-off areas (WLANs). These WLANs’ astoundingly short affiliations may be under 0.5-1 m for WPANS and up to 30 m for WLANs. All window WLANs sight be reasonable for this application, taking into account that the affiliation money-related course of action can meet how episode when the higher windows are utilized and where genuine execution advancements exist.

Autonomous Vehicles and Smart Vehicles say Networks

6G could be utilized for data splitting between free vehicles and V2I. In any case, there are questions are expecting traffic conditions and brief distances considering showing up at deterrents talked about before will make the THz packs appropriate for this application. Further, in more, the speedy adaptable relationship between getting wires on train ate roofs and foundations can be utilized for transmission of both thriving’s fundamental data and outright pilgrim information. Such incredibly high rate joins are fitting for THz, yet the high cover ability makes serious areas of strength for beamforming bungles and expected issues with the Doppler spread. While the speed of current fast trains is fundamentally solid, and thus, shafts can be controlled in the right course settled on supposition, the required beamforming gain (and related thin bar width) makes the design touchy to even little deviations from the measures. Besides, high-rehash designs can comparatively be utilized for access among UES and radio wires in the lodges that outright the traveller information, like a (moving) area of interest. Recalling the arising 6G use cases, explicit prerequisites, new recurrent social events, and key sending conditions, we examine the developments expected to be the course of action of 6G radio and centre affiliation plans.

Career Opportunities in Applied Mathematics

“The Essence of Mathematics is not to make simple thing complicated, but to make Complicated thing Simple”— Stanley Gudder.

Across the universe, there is one constant subject in the education system which is the queen of science: Mathematics. One of the most attractive & challenging subjects among the students is Mathematics. It is very much creative, logical & rewarding too. This subject has important connections with other disciplines in such a way that it grows the interest among the students to learn Mathematics. The innovative mathematical reasoning leads to new insights and applications in several disciplines. Thus getting a post graduate degree in Mathematics takes a student in another level where they can show their quality in complex problem solving both industry and academia. In general the tenure for getting a post graduate degree is of two years. Anyone can find different types of names for this master degree programme like Applied Mathematics, Mathematics, Pure Mathematics, Computational Mathematics etc. But the prime aim is always same which is to fill learners bag with full of knowledge and skill on all those aspects of Mathematics. After completion post-graduate degree in Mathematics, student’s career graph may have several edges with attractive career opportunities.

About M.Sc. in Applied Mathematics: M.Sc. in Applied Mathematics program is two years post-graduate degree course which involves the advanced level mathematics. It involves the study of Algebra to Analysis; Mathematical Models to Operations Research; Statistics to Stochastic Process, Computer Programing to Data Structures; Machine Learning to Fuzzy Mathematics.

Acquired Skills:

Understanding abstract problems
Constructing logical arguments
Problem-solving
Decision making
Critical and analytical thinking
Organize, analyze and interpret data
Quantitative reasoning

Compete for the National Level Exam:  The papers offered in the MSc curriculum will enable students to compete in national level competitive examinations like NET / SET / GATE / CSIR/ JEST / DST / DRDO / ISRO / UPSC etc.

Study after Post-graduate: Higher study is always a better option for Mathematicians. The studies like M.Tech., M.Phil. or Ph.D. are preferable for a career in academia and industry.

Career Prospects:

An advance course like M.Sc. in Applied Mathematics opens the several opportunities for the students. From science & technology to business & healthcare, mathematics is relevant to all most all the institutes and industries which reflects that an accomplished mathematician has a wide range of career prospects.

Generally, mathematics can lead us to two different career paths: academia or industry. There is always an opportunity for a mathematician in teaching and research job along with a wide range of scope in various industry-related jobs in statistics, engineering, computer science, physical science, insurance, economics and banking.

Jobs directly related to the degree include:

Teacher: Government as well as private schools offer good jobs for mathematics graduates and post graduates as a mathematics teacher. After completing Ph.D. one can apply for an assistant professor job in various colleges/universities.

Research scientist:  Mathematicians can apply for research-related jobs at good remuneration and package in Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), National Aeronautic Limited (NAL) and Society for Electronic Transaction and Security (SETS).

Actuarial analyst: Actuaries are an essential part of Insurance industries for optimizing policies to minimize the risk. Mathematical and statistical modeling has been used to predict the financial position of an organization which helps a lot to the actuarial analyst.

Data analyst: In order to solve complex problems in business and other areas, data analyst uses mathematical and statistical analysis to make strategic, logical data-driven decision. Statistical tools have been used to interpret data sets with predictive decision-making modeling.

Operational Researcher: To improve the operations of any organization or to run any organization smoothly operational researchers used their mathematical skills.

Cryptographer: Cryptography is an application of an important subject number theory. MSc program offers the course. Intelligence agencies hire cryptographers for encoding & decoding sensible data to keep it safe from malicious hackers. Post-graduate students can pursue this as their career.

Administrative job in Govt. sector:  Nowadays, in most of the universities offered professional studies course along with the regular core papers. It will prepare the students in soft skills so that he/she will be able to understand the intricacies of preparing for higher level examinations e.g. IAS, IPS, WBCS & other govt. jobs. After completion of post graduate degree in Mathematics students can appear for GATE exam. If a student can able to crack GATE exam, then he/she can apply in all PSU companies such as HAL, ONGC, IOC etc.

Conclusion:

The post-graduation degree in Mathematics provides students marketable attractive skills for various aspects of life and in the current situation, the demand for mathematicians has grown exponentially. According to the American Mathematical Society, the job market for mathematicians is predicted to rise by a whopping 30% in this coming decade. In fact, mathematicians have bright career among the most promising career paths based on their income levels, growth outlook, and low-stress work environments. So, in the present socio-economic scenario, the program may turn out to be a valuable asset to the students.

M.Sc. in Geoinformatics – A future of Geographers

History of Geoinformatics:

The field of geographic information systems (GIS) started in the 1960s as a concept of quantitative and computational geography, whereas the history of remote sensing began with photography. Since the 1960s, with the development of radar, sonar, and thermal infrared detection systems, the science of remote sensing has evolved. Within the last five decades, geoinformatics has evolved from a concept to a science. Today, geoinformatics has become a platform for sharing and collaboration. Geo-information science helps us to create spatial maps to understand and solve real-world problems.

What if Geoinformatics?

Geoinformatics is the “art, science or technology dealing with the acquisition, storage, processing production, presentation and dissemination of geo-information” (Ehlers, 2008). Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System are the two branches of geo-information science. Remote sensing techniques are widely used to obtain information about an object from distance. Earth observation satellites play a vital to gather information about the earth’s surface and its atmosphere. To store, check, display and interpret the remotely sensed data and any type of spatial data, the Geographic information system (GIS) is used. With these two dynamic components, geo-information tries to address complex social and environmental challenges through data analysis.

Geoinformatics as a Subject:

Geoinformatics is a multidisciplinary subject. It includes the knowledge of Physics, Mathematics, Geography, Geology, engineering, and technology etc. The main object of the subject is to geo visualize the spatial information to solve social, economic and environmental problems. The applications of geoinformatics include

Telecommunications
National Security
Disaster risk management
Climate change study
Weather forecasting
Biodiversity conservation
Environmental monitoring
Marine and coastal studies
Hydrology and Water resource management
Land use land cover change studies
Agriculture and Forestry
Urban and rural planning
Transport planning and Traffic management
Geological and Geomorphological Studies
Social and Economic studies and many more

M.Sc. in Geoinformatics Program:

M.Sc. Geoinformatics is a two-year postgraduate program designed for students who want to excel in the field of geospatial science. The program plays an important role to prepare more trained spatial data analysts for the future. The best-suited students for the course are welcome from backgrounds of geography, geology, environmental science, agriculture, forestry, physics, computer science, engineering etc. The course provides theoretical knowledge of geospatial science, as well as hands-on training related to the field of Geoinformatics. On completion of the course, students will be able to:

Understand the basic concept, methods, and techniques related to geoinformatics
Identify and analyze any geospatial problems
Apply knowledge of geoinformatics to solve geospatial problems
Use and design geospatial models
Process geospatial data
Carry out research work using geospatial data

Career Prospects:

After the successful completion of the course, a student will be eligible to find lucrative job opportunities as GIS Analyst, GIS Expert, GIS Developer, GIS Professional, GIS Technician, GIS Programmer, Geo-Spatial Software Engineer, Disaster preparedness planners, Remote sensing analysts, Water conservation planner, Urban planner, Transportation planner, Landscape architecture, Public health analysts, Data scientists or Big data analysts etc. There is an increasing demand for GIS experts in urban and environmental planning companies of both government and private type. One can also opt for jobs in GIS firms that include diverse skill-based jobs in the field of marketing, development, and testing. One can establish a GIS Consultancy Firm and may work individually and as an entrepreneur. Students can find placement in the areas such as Space Application, Military, Disaster Mitigation Agencies, Aviation Industry, Automobile Industry Government Organizations, Non-Government Institutions, Planning commissions, Research Labs etc. After acquiring higher degrees, one can also opt for teaching jobs in colleges or universities.

Geoinformatics at Adamas University

Key Features of the M.Sc. Geoinformatics Programme at Adamas University are as follows:

Curriculum developed in line with the growing market demand of Geoinformatics
Use advanced tools of geospatial technologies with well-equipped programming and geoinformatics lab and enhance your skills in displaying, analyzing, and visualizing complex spatial data.
Use advanced statistical knowledge with R, Python, and MatLab to solve various environmental, socioeconomic, cultural and resource-chain-based problems of the real world.
The intersection of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Geographical Information System for to solve real-world problems.
Enhancement of research skills, particularly in the conceptualization, designing, and implementation of research projects in specified domain of knowledge.
Develop practical skills and learn to unwrap real-world problems with minor and major project-based learning with the help of a designated mentor on a specific specialization field.
Internship in reputed National institutions including but not limited to IIRS-ISRO, NATMO, IMD, Opsis Pvt. Ltd., etc.
Student exchange program for those who want to peruse their career in abroad.

For further details and enquiry, you can visit the official website of the Department of Geography, Adamas University (https://science.adamasuniversity.ac.in/geography/ ) or follow us on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/Department-of-Geography-Adamas-University-167269360748113/). You can also read blogs on various topics of Geoinformatics and Geography here – https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/category/gis/; https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/category/geography/

Be the superhero and save the world with M.Sc. in Environmental Science

Introduction to the course

The Merriam-Webstar defines a superhero (‘hero’ as a gender-neutral term) as a fictional hero having extraordinary or superhuman powers, or an exceptionally skilful or successful person. In simpler terms, an adroit, dexterous person who has dedicated her/his life for betterment of humanity or the biosphere as a whole. In real life, an environmental scientist fits the bill. Changing the world for the better, is the objective of an environmentalist working in any of the several interdisciplinary domains like pollution control expert, ecologist, climate change consultant or environmental toxicologist. Saving the world from a man-made environmental catastrophe or an apocalypse is the ‘job-profile’ of an expert in these subjects. Only a holistic education of environment will let you understand the importance of this subject which is even more relevant in today’s world of acute crisis, which will go down in the history of mankind as a catastrophe triggered by disrespect of human towards nature.

The M.Sc. in Environmental Science programme will be offered by the School of Basic and Applied Sciences (SOBAS), Adamas University. The programme is designed to develop future professionals with profound and inveterate scientific consciousness willing to look for meaningful, impactful and responsible careers. Being a multidisciplinary subject, skill development in the form of capacity building of students in several facets of various scientific disciplines is the primary objective of the course. An ever-increasing consciousness of the human race regarding the environment and the ecosystem services will lead to the demand for experts with scientific dexterity in almost all related domains. The programme is structured in such a sagacious manner that the society as a whole will gain from the contributions of the alumni of this department.

How is M.Sc. in Environmental Science Course Beneficial?

Quantitative reasoning and/or mathematical skills or statistical models to study environmental phenomena.
Use geospatial technologies to address environmental problems.

Awareness of ecosystems in the context of human-environmental interactions.
Competently implement a project, which may include literature review, experimental design, data collection, data analysis, and reporting.
Students will understand key concepts in the life and physical sciences and will apply them to environmental issues.
Students will be able to locate, evaluate and synthesize information from the scientific literature.
Students will analyse data using appropriate statistical methods and will be able to evaluate the use of statistics by others in a variety of contexts.

Students will apply knowledge of the sciences within an interdisciplinary context in solving environmental issues such as environmental health, food and agriculture, energy, waste and pollution, climate change, population, resource management, and loss of biodiversity.
Students will carry out an applied research project in the natural sciences.
Students will be able to communicate science effectively through written work and oral presentations to a variety of audiences.
Students will apply the tools commonly used in field research, particularly in the study of plants, animals, and soils and will find their way on the landscape using map, compass and GPS technology, and use spatial analysis software such as GIS, Google Earth, and Google Maps.

Relevance

Environmental Science is an inter-disciplinary subject and its components along with their interactions through assiduous study of Ecology, Biodiversity, Environmental Chemistry, and Environmental Microbiology
Understand the different kinds of pollutions and their sources through study of Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Hazardous Waste & Environmental Toxicology and Soil Pollution and different laws about pollution.
Analyse and determine pollution using Environmental Analytical Techniques, Biostatistics and Computational Techniques.
Understand different technologies like biotechnology, water and wastewater treatment technology to find the solutions and their applications in abatement of Pollution and other environmental problems.
Use of different tools for the management of Environment, Energy resources, solid wastes, Biodiversity conservation like Remote Sensing & Geographical Information Systems and different methodologies.
Understand the basic principles of disaster management and industrial safety.
Determine the environmental impact due to different developmental projects and find solution to eliminate these impacts.
Through Dissertation, student can identify a particular environmental problem, review the literature for finding the gaps, develop research methodology, collect data and carry out data analysis and interpretation.
Students will also acquire the ability to write the research findings in the form of structured thesis and communicate the research results through oral or poster presentations.

What are the learning outcomes?

To sensitize students towards environmental issues, and impacts of various anthropogenic activities on global climate and related mitigation strategies.
To provide practical training on modern instrumentation and analytical techniques for environmental analyses.
To enable the students for practical application of their knowledge and prepare them for successful and meaningful careers in research and academics, industries, environmental consultancies and NGOs.
To encourage innovation that is exposure driven, since the dynamics of environmental science ranges from nature study in a locality to climatic and global meteorological issues.
This course will enable the students to get exposed to the real-world situations through nature trails and studies, excursions, industry visits, sophisticated research laboratory visits, rural outreach, socio-economic surveys and many more.

Academic and scholarly activity

The primary objective of the inception of this new course is to initiate a course with a broader perspective having an academic as well as professional outlook. Didactic pedagogy will be implemented to suit the individual needs of all students. Skill development in the form of capacity building of the students vis a vis problem solving, critical thinking, communication, and entrepreneurial abilities will be put into effect. Various elements of the course structure will be aligned in such a manner to accommodate customized educational plans. Flexibility and continuous mentoring will be provided focusing on development of knowledge, skills, personalities, and most importantly outlook that will enable them to achieve the intended outcomes of the course.

Faculty members will ideally get involved in high quality research activities, through which the students will have a paradigm shift in their approach towards the various disciplines. This will result in widening of their peripheral vision which is a pre-requisite for such a dynamic and socially relevant subject. Since successful in hand training promotes a successful career, arduous effort in setting up laboratory facilities is necessary. Establishing a state of the art laboratory which will support multidisciplinary research and analytical infrastructure will be one of the major focal points. In due course of time, if the laboratory gets required accreditation (NABL), it can act as an avenue for revenue earning through analysis and consultancy. The students in the process, will have access to several real-life environmental problem-solving exercises.

Since all learners cannot learn in the same way and in the same pace, appropriate opportunities will be provided, in as much personalised manner as possible.

Outcomes including knowledge, skills and attitudes will be evaluated through examinations, tutorials, assignments, Project work, Labs, Presentations, continuous and comprehensive assessments.

Compulsory credit points is associated with the summer training included in the curriculum. Students will visit industries dealing with pollution abatement or where environmental management is a critical issue. Students may also visit institutes or laboratories of national and international repute. In either of the cases, the trainee students will experience first-hand knowledge which will enhance their employability.

Career opportunities

R&D/Industry based domains

Pollution analyst
Environmental remediation
Green chemist
Agricultural Science
Bioinformatics
Climatologist/Meteorologist
Ecologist/Conservation biologist
Environmental geoscientist/GIS specialist
Hydrologist
Marine Biologist/Oceanographer
Microbiologist
Molecular Biologist
Toxicologist

Job opportunities in other sectors

Environmental Impact Assessment
Air/Water Quality
Waste Management/Contaminant cleanup
Chemical safety
Water resources
Public health and hygiene
Mineral resources
Forest resources
Ecologists in Govt. agencies
National Green Tribunal
Public health agencies
State and Indian Forest Services
Environmental Journalism

Career guidance will also be provided on behalf of the department as a continuous and keystone support system for the students. After successful completion of their PG course the students will find themselves ready to get employed in disciplines of their choice and interest.

Through a competitive learning atmosphere, students will be provided with special academic modules for NET and GATE examinations. Another important highlight of this course will be in the domain of other professional and competitive examinations. Syllabus has been planned so as to prepare the students for higher education which includes research and academics, as well as orient them for Civil service and other competitive and professional examinations.

A subject not bound by any state or country or continent. The earth needs young bright enthusiastic students like you. The magnitude of the anthropogenic damage that needs to be undone, and the importance of conservation and preservation of natural assets are so important, for our bare survival, requirement of environmentalists will never wane away. Students from Adamas University with have received academic exposure to institutes and universities of global and national repute in various disciplines. Adamas University is among the very few Universities offering the courses on Environmental Science, where each of the disciplines of this transdisciplinary course will be addressed by the experts. This intense nurturing will be unique, so that pursuing career opportunities abroad shall be facilitated.

For further details and enquiry, you can visit the official website of, Adamas University (https://science.adamasuniversity.ac.in/environmental-science)

Master of Commerce- Unique Aspects

Commerce education is a well-respected career option since long. The day to day expansion of trade and commerce world is responsible to make this study more relevant and sought after. The new age commerce education is also constantly fine tuning itself in line with the ongoing changes happening in the trade and business world.

Adamas University is a destination for excellence having World Class educational infrastructure including Canvas as the Learning Management System. Already it has achieved a proven track record with iconic presence in online education. Even during the most difficult time of Pandemic, the normal education was neither disrupted for a single day nor the examination process got delayed. It provides some unique advantages including Integrated career focused value added courses, Career Development Cell (CDC) for Training and Placement, Industry visits, Internships, Filed Research and Live Projects, Frequent Conferences, Seminars, Workshops and Guest Lecture series. Powered by more than 250 faculty members (out of which more than 160 are Doctorate), it is absolutely ready to move towards the new world of excellence as envisaged by the National Education Policy, 2020.

The Department of Commerce is one specialised wing of the School of Business & Economics (SOBE) which offers commerce education in both undergraduate and postgraduate level. The undergraduate degrees of commerce leads to multiple avenues to pursue different higher studies including Professional Accountant, Management Accountant, Tax Consultant, Marketing Professional, Investment Advisor and many more. The postgraduate degree not only grooms the student with masterly skills in the area of Accountancy, Management Accountancy and Finance but also sets them towards a teaching and research career in the domain of Commerce.

M. Com is one postgraduate degree programme offered by the department for the 2021 session. The key features are highlighted below.

Programme Name	M. Com.
Duration	2 years (4 Semesters)
Degree level	Master
Special focus	Accounting and Finance
Eligibility	B. Com. (Honours) from any recognised university with at least 50% marks
Selection process	Adamas University Admission Test (AUAT) and Personal Interview
Conduction type	Semester
Examination type	Semester
Value Added Courses	Advanced Excel, SPSS
Career direction	Jobs in the area of Accounting and Finance, Teaching and Research
Placement Support	Yes

It is our deepest pleasure to invite all the young aspirants to be a part of the journey towards excellence.

Impact of Covid-19 on Commerce

The global pandemic has disruptive impact on every aspect of the society; not only health, psychology or business but also having access to the basic amenities to survive. While we are still in the middle of the Covid-19 pandemic, massacre can be witnessed in the form of death tolls, lockdowns, closure of business, rising unemployment and poverty. Different measures are being taken by the government as well the society in general in order to dampen the impact of the catastrophic virus on the society. The business and commerce are facing unprecedented turmoil and challenges in the following context:

Supply chain management
Health and safety measures
Flow of cash or cash equivalents
Change in the pattern of demand and consumer preferences
Marketing strategies
Sales management
Human resource management

Industries pertaining to tourism and hospitality are fading away. Even thoughpost the first wave of pandemic there have travel movements; the industry got another huge blow with the advent of the second wave and so are the other already affected industries and sectors of the economy. On the other hand, there has been exceptional surge in the business pertaining to online entertainment, online shopping, online communication and other digitally driven sectors. The economy is heading towards long term goals that ensures sustainability and not just wealth maximization. The companies are restating their mission statements by taking into consideration environmental and societal factors. That the entire stakeholder circle should be given equal importance while defining the practices to serve them as well as keeping a holistic outlook while framing long-term commitments. The companies need to prepare themselves for more expenditure towards the human resource working there (both salary as well as wage earners) because of the additional requirements of social welfare measures with the burgeoning health and sustainability crisis.

The financial institutions have revised the growth forecast of India to an exceptionally low levels that hasn’t been seen since the global 2008 financial crisis. The extraordinary slump in the economy has compelled the authorities to adopt not only forward guidance but also a range of several innovative unconventional monetary policy tools.Needless to say, adoption of accommodative policy stances and falling repo rates are not panacea for overcoming all the maladies the economy is going through with the burgeoning crisis brought in the world economy by the pandemic which is a hard blow for the already decelerated Indian economy. Forward guidance however serves as a powerful tool because the policy stances and rates serve as important signalling factors in the economy.From the perspectives of accounting and auditing, the financial statement reporting need to account for the catastrophic impact of Covid-19 by adjusting the expected cash flow stream, modifying the provisions as per the situation and considering the fact that there will be delay in the payments from the debtors as well as in the payments to be made to the creditors. The loan-loss provisioning for the financial institutions will be readjusted as the present scenario affects the financial health of the bank customers. Also, the lockdowns lead to closure of factories and offices and thereby the physical life of the fixed assets like plant and machinery, office equipment, etc. needs to be revalued because rate of depreciation might vary. ICAI has advised writing down of the inventories to net realizable value because of the supply chain management disruption, plummeting selling price and obsolescence. The auditors will face additional challenges due to social distancing measures and thereby inability to visit the place of business of the client and conducting stock audit and cash audit at the present situation will be a difficult job.

The pandemic situation is a black swan event which has completely disrupted the status quo in not only in a particular economy but worldwide. This calls for new policy, new structure,a novel set of regulations and management. Not only the framing of something novel, but also the present status of the different aspects can be looked into in order to get an idea how different sectors of the society are putting their act together in this pandemic. As a consequence, diverse research areas have bloomed in all areas amidst the Covid-19 outbreak; of which the ones in the domain of commerce can be summarized by the following points.

Effect of the pandemic on consumer behaviour and consumption in the context of restricted mobility, changing social structure, technological advancements and rising middlemen (both authorized as well as unauthorized). The researcher can look into the behavioural aspect through survey and experimentation and try to figure out whether there is any visible change. If there is any, then whether such change is temporary and the old habits will return or the change is persistent. This may help the concerns change their policies, product and marketing strategies.
Measures to improve the well-being of the human resource amidst the pandemic in the context of the work place hygiene and sanitation, extending assistance to their family in the form of sponsoring the rising cost of digital education of their child, medical emergency, etc. Research can be conducted to look on to the conditions of the employees, laborers; to look on to the hire & fire policy of the concern; to join the dots between the rising unemployment and the lacuna of HR policies and thereby put forward effective labour policies.
The impact of the pandemic also extends to the corporate social responsibility because a lot of opportunity has opened for the companies to engage with their CSR strategies. The researchers can look into the practices of the company and put forward the true picture in front of the greater audience as well as provide suggestions.
There are increasing scope of research in identifying the strategies that should be undertaken by the most vulnerable business sectors like SMEs as well as the start-ups. Because of their instability and uncertainty in the flow of cash, these sectors face massive disruptions to keep their business ongoing. Studies can be conducted to find out innovative ways of generation of funds for the concern, management of such funds, taking advantage of the increasing support from the government bodies and so on.
Research pertaining to optimisation models are of burgeoning demand in the areas of supply chain management, healthcare and finance. Optimisation models in finance specifically is demanded by the fund management concerns, financial service providers in order to maximize return and minimize risk.

The above areas are indicative and not all inclusive. This is because there is no end point in the research tunnel and the researcher needs to dig deep to find out the relevant gaps and conduct scientific investigation of the same. The impact of the pandemic has hard hit every sector of the economy and every individual is adapting with this changing lifestyle. The companies are reframing their policies, government is coming up with schemes tailored to deal with this pandemic, financial institutions are extending possible financial support to their clients; basically economy as a whole is being redesigned and restructured.

Impact of COVID in Management Practices, New Trends & Areas of Research

Introduction

Tectonic shifts in society and business occur when unexpected events force widespread experimentation around a new idea or problem. During World War II, for instance, when American men went off to war, women proved that they could do “men’s” work and do it well. Women never looked back after that. Similarly, the Y2K problem demanded the extensive use of Indian software engineers, leading to the tripling of employment-based visas granted by the U.S. Fixing that bug enabled Indian engineers to establish their credentials, and positioned them as world leaders in addressing technology problems. Alphabet, Microsoft, Google, IBM, and Adobe are all headed by India-born engineers today. Similarly, The Covid-19 pandemic has been labeled as a black swan event that caused a ripple effect on every aspect of human life. Therefore, Covid-19 will be the catalyst of several long and short-term policy changes that require theoretical and empirical attention of researchers.

The Corona virus disease is a human, social and economic crisis that has attacked the core of human existence. The pandemic has affected all segments of the population, especially vulnerable groups such as the elderly person, working age, medical professionals, public servants and poor people of the society. In response to the pandemic outbreak, the government of many countries decided to save lives before saving the economy, declaring sudden or phased lockdowns in their countries. Policies like “social distancing” and “stay-at-home” were implemented overnight, which severely damaged many businesses across the world.

According to the World Trade Organization (WTO,2020), global trade was already experiencing a downturn in 2019, and then the pandemic further precipitated a global financial crisis. Initial estimates have predicted that major economies will lose around 2.4 to 3.0 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) during 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic (WTO,2020). It has become extremely challenging for several businesses across the world to keep their businesses going, given reduced sales and the high level of uncertainty. It is therefore, utmost important for businesses to conduct genuine assessment and feasibility study of their business models. Covid-19 has also pushed businesses across the world to rapidly operate in newer and more resilient ways. As companies change their priorities in response to previous challenges like real-time decision-making, productivity of people, business growth, and security risks; newer challenges introduced by the pandemic are testing businesses’ resilience as they attempt to lay a foundation for the future.

Impact of Covid-19 in Management Practices

The Covid-19 spread across the world has heightened uncertainty regarding consumption and investment among different stakeholders, like consumers, trade partners, suppliers, and investors. Increasing the duration of the lockdown and travel restrictions in several parts of the world are severely affecting the general economy. The Covid-19 crisis is generating spillover effects throughout global and regional supply chains, disrupting demand and supply. In Addition to that social distancing policies have almost destroyed service industries, like travel and tourism and hospitality, which could further trigger a recession. The lockdown has also increased the risks associated with investments by households and businesses. Many companies are either facing bankruptcy or reducing their production capacity, which has led to higher unemployment and job cuts. A prolonged lockdown period also increases the risk of massive increase in corporate and governmental debts, leading to basic financial crisis that could prolong the recovery period from the Covid-19 crisis.

During the Covid-19 crisis, management of the company are working faster to ensure a competitive advantage. In order to solve emerging problems, firms are embracing management practices and processes that are responsive rather than reactive to the crisis, and they are switching to new operating models focused on the customer and supported by the appropriate governance. They are faster to decide where to invest and reallocate their resources. Additionally, management of the firms are pushed to create new product and services and radically adapt to emerging situation in order to remain visible, agile, and productive in the business.

New Trends

Digital innovations quickly became the defence for personal and professional life against covid-19 pandemic. Connected digital devices enable both remote work and online education. Additionally, chat bots are providing instant life-saving information, partially relieving overwhelmed health systems. Further, geolocation information systems are helping health workers and researchers to track and map the spread of the virus. Firms and governments are designing and piloting fast, responsive frameworks to implement emerging technologies, like data policy, digital trade, IoT, AI, drones, autonomous vehicles, block chain, telemedicine, and environmental innovations to cope up with the situation.

The big data and advanced analytics are helping to detect surface indicators related to the pandemic. Specifically, real-time big-data-driven insights have helped management practitioners, policymakers and researchers to comprehend and forecast the reach and impact of Covid-19 outbreak. Real-time Covid-19 trackers are helping epidemiologists, scientists, health workers, and policy-makers make more informed decisions to fight the pandemic by aggregating and synthesizing incident derived from big data. Further, real-time analysis of GPS data, such as Aryogya Setu Apps in India, indicating people’s movement within a certain locality is helping the government understand the peoples compliance with social distancing norms and altering people existence of nearby Covid patients. Big data analytics are also helping many corporate executives to make difficult decisions that affect staff, customers, and operational capacity. For example, firms are leveraging their internal and external data e.g., customers’ contact history, employees’ data, business operations monitoring, and social media to understand different scenarios for sustainable development during and after the Covid-19 pandemic.

The public health emergency of Covid-19 confronting world healthcare systems has prompted the development of digital health solutions to mitigate the impact of the pandemic. These digital healthcare systems include tele-health, robust surveillance systems, technology-driven diagnostic and clinical decision-making tools; wearable tracking devices to measure physiological parameters such as temperature, heart rate, saturation level, and sleep-duration; and interactive chat services providing information about Covid-19. Telemedicine administered through virtual chat bots and web bots is emerging as a viable option for communication and safe medical care. Digital healthcare solutions are helping to detect, report, and provide surveillance and rapid response for Covid-19 cases. Further, they are helping with the creation of geospatial dashboards that display pertinent information at the national and international scales to track Covid-19 statistics in real time.

Research Areas

The impact of Covid-19 on business and management is continuously attracting researchers, who are bringing new perspectives on research. Although, the diversity of research areas is increasing, a few broad core research topics are emerging more significantly. These core topics include the impacts of Covid-19 on the economy, value chain, innovation, service industry, employment, management challenges and practices.

As the Covid-19 crisis continues to impact businesses in the next few years, economic, social, and technological changes will become inevitable for survival. There are several theoretical, conceptual, and empirical research opportunities to understand the development of a new paradigm and advancement of existing theories within the business domain due to the disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Additional empirical research opportunities have been created by the emergence of a body of knowledge regarding Covid-19 and subsequent modifications to this knowledge.