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Chemistry: An Indispensable tool to understand coronavirus from its transmission to treatment

Chemistry-based research from the laboratory to industries are progressing their efforts towards discovering more about the virus, developing improved testing technologies, and eventually discovering drugs to treat the disease. Chemistry as the subject of practice in every step of life is essential at every step of our response to contain the virus. Scientists throughout the world are involved in evolving new diagnostic methods to be deployed for the SARS-CoV-2 identification including optical biosensors and point-of-care diagnostics.

In spite of an immensely disrupted class routine, there will surely be thousands of students going on to study and work in chemistry in the years to come. Through this blog, we are trying to document the chemical science community’s role in response to the recent outbreak of coronavirus.

COVID-19 disease transmission route inspired by Gas-Phase Chemistry:

The person-to-person spread of infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19 occurs primarily due to the transference of virus-laden fluid particles from the diseased person. The infectious fluid particles instigate from the respiratory tract of the person and are ejected from the nose and the mouth during breathing, speaking, whistling, sneezing, and coughing etc. These particles have been broadly classified into two types: aerosols (aerodynamic particle size <5 μm) and droplets (aerodynamic particle size ≥5 μm–10 μm). The outcomes indicated that the transmission phenomena of these virus particles ejected by patients would be dependent on droplet sizes. Once expelled from the mouth or nose, bigger respiratory droplets endure gravitational subsiding before evaporation; in contrast, the smaller droplet particles evaporate faster than they settle down, afterwards forming the aerosolized droplet nuclei that can be deferred for prolonged periods and foldaway in the air over long distances. Investigations by Bourouiba et al. have shown that these droplets can travel rather large distances initially within a turbulent jet, which later transition to a puff or a cloud due to the lack of a continuous momentum source. Depending on the ambient conditions and droplet size, these droplets evaporate at different times. Chemical kinetics-based model i.e. the application of Lattice Boltzmann Method with Brownian dynamics to access the effects of nanoparticles at the liquid-vapour interface of an evaporating sessile droplet can be coupled with of evaporation, dispersion and precipitation to devise a hitherto new methodology to predict the infection spread in the context of COVID-19.

All most all investigations have found that SARS-CoV-2 virus stability monotonically decreases with an increase in temperature. It has also been found that the enveloped viruses like SARS-CoV-2 survive well in droplets far from their dried state, as well as in the desiccated residue where the virus remains in a frozen state, these shreds of evidence prove that virus survivability within desiccated nuclei enables the virus to be airborne. To prove these, chemists have used 1% (w/w) NaCl aqueous solution as a substitute respiratory fluid and 100nm fluorescent particles as a stand-in virus, whose concentration was controlled from 0.005 to 0.1%. Featured basic mechanism in particle deposition in water-based solutions explained in these studies can be extended to pathogens, the dynamics in respiratory droplets are more involved due to the physicochemical complexities and the resulting variation in thermo-physical properties.

Role of synthetic chemists in the development of drugs

The development of antibiotics was one of the most important scientific innovations of the twentieth century, as it drastically reduced the threat of bacterial infections. Though the early antibiotics era was characterized by fully synthetic compounds (e.g., sulfonamides and organoarsenicals) and was largely pioneered by industrial chemists, the modern era of natural product-based antibiotics witnessed significant contributions from academia. Penicillin V and vancomycin provide two examples where synthetic chemists have made impactful, translational contributions by pursuing fundamental research interests. In this time of pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, chemists from worldwide are trying their best to delineate different drugs to annihilate this virus.  the antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice to treat viral infections are not applicable to SARS-Cov-2. Thus, it is very necessary to identify new drugs suitable for the treatment of the 2019-nCoV outbreak

Nanotrap: Chemists from the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering have designed an entirely novel potential treatment for COVID-19: nanoparticles that apprehend SARS-CoV-2 viruses within the body and then use the body’s own immune system to annihilate it.

These “Nanotraps” entice the virus by imitating the marked cells the virus infects. When the virus muddles to the Nanotraps, the traps then impound the virus from other cells and target it for annihilation by the immune system.

In theory, these Nanotraps could also be used on variants of the virus, leading to a potential new way to constrain the virus moving forward. Though the therapy remains in the early stages of testing, the researchers envision it could be administered via a nasal spray as a treatment for COVID-19.

HTCC: An antiviral potential of the polymer HTCC [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride], which efficiently hampered infection of all low-pathogenicity human coronaviruses in vitro and ex vivo.  The hydrophobically-modified derivative (HM-HTCC) acts as potent inhibitors of the coronavirus HCoV-NL63. we show It has been investigated as that HTCC inhibits interaction of a virus with its receptor and thus blocks the entry. Synthetic chemists are trying to delineate the process through which the HTCC interferes with the virus replication. The photophysical study of HTCC labelled with FITC in water were measured in the absence and in the presence of various concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 domains to understand the effectivity of HTCC.

Application of polymer chemistry to contain SARS-CoV 2:

Polyelectrolytes: The surface of such envelope virus is found to be rich in amino acid residues. Therefore, polyanions may be used to electrostatically bind to the spike (S) glycoprotein, which binds to the ACE2 protein as an important step in host cell invasion and prevent the virus from interacting with the host cell’s surface. Thus, polyanions and polycations can be used to potentially interrupt the binding between the virus and host cell. As examples, Poly(propylacrylic acid), poly(vinylbenzoic acid) (PVBzA), poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA), and poly(2-acrylamidoethyl)phosphate may be developed as bio-compatible to exhibit this inhibitory effect.

Dendritic Polymer: Dendritic or highly branched polymers that possess greater solubilities, larger surface areas, and tuneable shapes are being investigated to hinder the virus and cell binding. These types of polymers are being designed to be non-toxic and bio-compatible thus they can act as co-receptor and subsequently, mediate the entry of the SARS-CoV2 virus to the host cells.

Natural Polymer: Natural polymers like  polysaccharides, cyclodextrins (CDs) and chitosan are reported to inhibit the attachment of coronavirus to host cells because of their ability to remove cholesterol from cell membranes. These polymers can inhibit the replication of the virus in the host cell.  Moreover, polysaccharides can activate T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and other immune cells to improvise an advantageous immune response to inhibit the virulent effect. It is worthy to mention here that natural polymers inherently possess greater biocompatibility compared to synthetic polymers, which serves as one of the major factor for their applicability as potential drugs.

Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a global health crisis with high rates of infection and mortality. However, in existing treatment programmes, there are latent drawbacks such as they are time-consuming and full proof. It is hoped that the chemists along with scientists & technologists from interdisciplinary branches throughout the world will develop better model and drugs in the near future and move toward clinical treatment as soon as possible. More clinical trials with these suitable drugs should be performed on patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 of different mutant strains to prove their efficacy and safety. Not only chemists, but it’s a team’s of scientists of all spheres and philosophers’ activity towards investigation how the system can be used to help medical professionals treat patients more effectively.

As a chemist, we have learned that we are very resilient and have discovered our extra efficacies in terms of serving the people, we may not have found had this pandemic not happened.

References:

KuritzkesD.R. Drug resistance in HIV-1. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2011;1:582–589. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.020.
TannockG.A., Kim H., Xue L. Why are vaccines against many human viral diseases still unavailable; an historic perspective? J. Med. Virol. 2020;92:129–138.
KC GB, Bocci G, Verma S. et al. A machine learning platform to estimate anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities.
ToturaA.L., Bavari S. Broad-spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery. Expet Opin. Drug Discov. 2019;14(4):397–412.
LiowS.S., Chee P.L., Owh C., Zhang K., Zhou Y., Gao F., Lakshminarayanan R., Loh X.J. Cationic poly ([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) copolymers as antimicrobial agents. Macromol. Biosci. 
Lin Q., Lim J.Y.,Xue K., Yew P.Y.M., Owh C., Chee P.L., Loh X.J. Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection. View. 2020

Choosing a Career as an Environmental Engineer

What to choose? Which subject to take? Shall I get good job opportunities? What would be the earning potential?… Etc.

These are some of the common concerns that we have before embarking on further education, but take a deep breath and consider environmental engineering as a career option. Isn’t it fascinating to learn more about the world in which we work or to solve the problems that our environment faces on a daily basis? Obviously, it’s interesting! Let’s get started on gathering as much information as possible about our environmental studies. Environmental engineering is a branch of engineering and scientific knowledge of strategies to apply to the practical improvement of the environment. Another thing to say about an environmental specialist: it can provide a cover or assurance for our current situation, as well as strengthen the relationship between humans and the natural climate. Natural engineering gave us the ability to interact with both nature and individuals. As a result, create a capable undertaking that can have a long-term result. Difficulties and significant issues are present in each venture, which requires great understudies and a workforce. An environmental engineer is attempting to develop a new device, a natural structure plan, EIA planning, and is also developing a new monetary model, though environmental management improvement is more satisfactory than theories are the use of the premises.

Why is it necessary to conduct further research into environmental engineering?

It is past time for us to become more rational and calculative as a result of the novel objective for environmental engineering. There are many research, programs, and realistic applications that we cannot overlook. In master’s programs, environmental engineering is a multidisciplinary topic with a lot of theory papers and lab work, project work, and seeing how the hypothesis applies with your own experiences. Other skills, such as technical reading and writing, critical thinking, and board ability, are required in addition to the hypothetical material.

We can likewise choose between two sorts of Experts degrees:

If there is someone who is more concerned about the natural arrangement builder planner, they may pursue a master’s degree in natural engineering.
If anybody is interested in the exploration field, they can go for M. Tech in Environmental Engineering.

Who Are We and What We Do?

In the current period, we can see an increase in demand in the engineering sector across various divisions. If we look at the previous survey results, we can see that environmental engineering is receiving the same attention and opportunities as other fields. Many of us believe that saving the earth is a task for the future, so why bother doing it now? This is not the case; it is having a positive and direct effect on people’s daily lives all over the world.

Now comes the issue of how an environmental engineer can assist in achieving a healthy and sustainable climate, and what positions do they play in this regard.

Environmental engineering, as we all know, is closely connected to environmental science in that it employs scientific and engineering concepts to protect and enhance the environment. It also includes the design and technology for improving environmental quality. The working areas for environmental engineers are air pollution control, radiation protection, hazardous waste management, industrial hygiene, recycling, toxic material control, wastewater management, solid waste disposal, and public health and land management, protection of wildlife, prevent the production and repercussion of acid rain, global warming, and ozone depletion. Life will be difficult without environmental engineers because we can only live and continue our work if our world is clean and secure. The most fascinating aspect of this subject is that students who want to study environmental engineering will gain a broad understanding of a variety of topics including mathematics, engineering design, biology, microbiology, computer science, ecology, public health, economics, and geology.

Let us move on to the job opportunities after learning about the course specifics. What kind of job will an individual get after completing a B. Tech or M. Tech in environmental engineering?

There are many fields where environmental engineers are been appointed, are:

Environmental related projects with national & international firms.
Universities or colleges where they can teach, conduct research, and share knowledge on environmental control acts.
Industry or company for handling wastewater treatment system, treat and dispose of hazardous waste, etc.
Municipal agencies for water supply system.
Laboratories
Government sectors
And plenty of opportunity in fertilizer plants, refineries, food processing industries, etc.

Job Outlook of Environmental Engineering is Great!!!

When we think of studying and pursuing a career in engineering, we usually think of mother streams like civil, mechanical, or electrical engineering, but there is one branch that is becoming increasingly relevant today: environmental engineering. Nothing can be better than to having a career which is meaningful, satisfying, as well as rewarding, and environmental engineering fits perfectly on these criteria. Environmental engineers are extremely satisfied with their careers because they know what they are doing has a major impact on our future; and they are able to fulfill their responsibilities towards our nature and society.

With increasing environmental issues, our young generations are getting aware; as a result, colleges and universities have started offering environmental engineering programmes. The master’s program in this regard will help to better understand the environmental problems and find solutions with the help of technology as well as to raise awareness among the students.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the average growth rate for employment of environmental engineers is going to exceed 15% by 2014 to 2024, which is way faster than the average for all other occupations. Why? Because with the modernization and development, our environment is also getting polluted and we are becoming more aware to save the world. As a result, job opportunities for environmental experts will increase. It’ll help us to find a job anywhere in the world, from India to Australia to Europe and beyond, this is truly a global career.

Talking about salaries, environmental engineers get paid pretty well. Although money is not everything, but we live in a world where we need money to survive. Based on a survey of salaries in India, the results show that an experienced environmental engineer receives an average compensation of Rs 10,19,862. So, they can lead a beautiful life.

This was some of the most valuable knowledge about environmental engineering; hopefully, after reading this, the majority of your questions will be answered. Ergo, time to come forward and ‘Be a part of solution not a part of the pollution’.

BBA in Digital Marketing-Unique Aspects

Digital Marketing is a booming industry in India as well as across the globe. Almost all businesses are going online in their marketing activities to survive in the market for a long term, the demand for digital marketers is increasing at a rapid rate and is opening doors for plenty of job seekers.

Recent study shows that the employment sector has seen a major share of jobs generated by the Digital Marketing Industry, in recent years. As per various media reports, the year 2016 saw over 1.5 lakh job opportunities in the Digital Marketing domain. 2017 threw a major surprise by marking around 8 lakh job opportunities in the field. In India, this number is expected to grow rapidly with the advent of Digitalisation in the country.

When small businesses get started, their focus is often on how to get their first group of customers through the door. They may rely on traditional forms of advertising, such as print ads and coupon mailers or even big signs on the side of the road. They may trust that since they know they offer a good product or service, it’s only a matter of time until customers will find their way to them. While this strategy may bring in a trickle of business, there is a better and easier way. Small businesses should consider the huge marketplace of prospects online. No small business, no matter how new, should overlook this vast marketplace. The group of potential customers that are found online is a much larger group of people than you are likely to be able to attract locally. Using digital marketing, you can reach an enormous audience in a way that is both cost-effective and measurable.

Digital Marketing simply defined as an umbrella including all internet or online marketing activities that helps in the brand promotion or lead generation in such a competitive business environment. More and more customers are advancing towards a digital era, which also influences the business to incorporate digital marketing platform to reach maximum audiences within a short period. Digital Channels simply described as various mediums or paths that help the organization or marketers to promote themselves among various customers (new and existing both) within domestic as well as international market. Digital Channels combines Google search, display, email, social media (Facebook) and websites.

Digital Marketing program presents helps to boost a strategic use of e-commerce and related information technology from three perspectives: business to consumers, business-to-business, and intra-organizational. Examination of e-commerce in altering the structure of entire industries, and how it affects business processes including electronic transactions, supply chains, decision making and organizational performance.

New Avenues of Digital Marketing Program

The career scope in the industry is attracting the masses, and this is one of the reasons various professionals are learning the course to enter the industry. The current market status of Digital Marketing shows that it is at its peak, and is going to stay so for obvious reasons. According to Payscale.com, the average salary package of a digital marketing manager is Rs 5 lakh to Rs 6 lakh annually, as of 2019. Professionals with experience earn in the range of Rs. 15- 25 Lakh.

As an entrepreneur or running a business, competition is an integral part, where comes a digital marketing platform that helps in driving more traffic. It helps in implementing strategies, to measure the approach that helps in reaching more customers. It also drives better ROI than traditional or offline marketing approach while maintaining better product awareness and promotion.

As a marketing professional, for marketing and sales professional, those who are in the traditional marketing segment, this is the high time to be a successful digital marketer. With an increase in demand for hiring digital marketing professional by business units, there is also lacking proper digital marketing trained professionals. Trained professionals in online marketing are in high demand for various sectors and industries.

As a student, 1st job opportunity is the most important factor that mostly drives career path as well as opportunity. Among various options to choose from, opting for digital marketing career not only helps in shaping your salary structure but also a career-defining factor. It also increases future opportunity in various sectors and industries.

Keeping in mind of above emerging opportunities School of Business and Economics, Department of Management, AdamasUniversity has introduced a Bachelor of Business Administration in Digital Marketing. Various Specialized Courses are like :

Digital Marketing
Social Media Marketing
E-Commerce
Digital Supply Chain Management
Customer Relationship Management in Digital age
Cyber Security and Cyber Law
Digital Business Strategy
Data Mining and Intelligence
Sales and Distribution in Digital Age.

Career Prospects for Master of Computer Application (MCA)

Why should you pursue MCA?

Master of Computer Application (MCA) is a professional post-graduation degree program of duration two years. This program is a perfect blend of domain-specific knowledge and industry-standard application. Students can opt for the MCA program if they have successfully completed a Bachelor degree in Computer Application or any relevant bachelor’s degree in computers as a subject. This program provides all-around development of students in the computer application domain with the help of modern technical and industry-specific skills.

Eligibility Criteria for MCA

Bachelor’s degree in Computer Application is the prerequisite for pursuing MCA.

Graduates from other streams like Commerce, Arts, Science, and Computer Science as well are also considered eligible to get admission in the MCA program.

Scope of MCA in India

MCA candidates are in great demand in the Indian job sector currently. They have the opportunity to work in the public sector as well as in the private sector. Right now, India is considered to be one of the growing IT destinations of the world. MCA has a lot of scope in India considering our nation’s penchant for IT. MCA is considered as one of the technical and professional degrees, leading to a successful and bright career.

Career and Job Opportunities after completing MCA

Adamas University is providing the best career opportunities to students by enhancing their IT and soft skills at the nascent stage. This is the most promising factor for each and every pupil. Adamas University nurtures pupil’s skill set very minutely and provides a clear visualization to each student as per their skill set. It moves forward their career in the right direction and paves the way for them to contribute to the growth of the technical domain.

Some of the job roles after MCA degree to consider:

1. Software Development

If software development is the driving factor for an aspirant, it would be perfect for the aspirant to pursue an MCA degree.

2. Hardware and Networking

Hardware and networking are one of emerging sectors nowadays. If we do a reality check, it can be found that hardware engineers grab jobs more quickly as there is a scarcity of networking professionals.

3. Software Consultancy

It is one of the booming professions nowadays, hence most of the aspirants can go for freelancing and consultant job to make their career successful.

4. Computer System Analyst

It is one of the demanding career options of any software industry as computer systems are used in most of the industries today.

5. Project Manager

Project Manager is another lucrative job profile after MCA completion which enables an aspirant to supervise a team of IT professionals working under them.

How to select a good institution offering MCA

As a first step, students should select the proper institution which offers MCA. So, students must ensure that they are doing this course from the right Institution to extract the best out of their education. In this perspective, Adamas University is the right decision as it is one of the best private universities in India which ranked in the Times Engineering Survey 2019. Here, we list down some of the parameters to be considered why you should choose Adamas University as your destination.

Top 5 parameters of Adamas University that will help you to move forward in your career:

1. Curriculum

The curriculum adopted in MCA is designed according to industry-standard skills. It covers core Computer Science related papers in the first year of study along with advanced and emerging subjects in the final year of study. Adamas University delivers one of the most well-crafted MCA curriculum which will equip you with the right mix of industry-standard and corporate skills.

2. Faculty Profile

Adamas University boasts of its experienced and qualified faculty strength to impart quality education to the students. They mentor their students with care to show them the right path. A good teacher can nurture the best minds in the world with sound attributes. So, Faculty Profile is an influential parameter that validates the decision of choosing Adamas University as a student’s career destination.

3. Placements

Here at Adamas University, an impressive number of students get placed every year. A lot of renowned organizations or companies visit our campus like HCL, Cognizant, INFOSYS, JARO Education, WIPRO and many more. The placement drives are organized and managed by the specialized Career Development Cell of the university.

4. Your Destination

Your destination is the result of your detailed and informed decision-making process. Though you have decided up your mindset to make your career in MCA, it is must to have precise thinking of which college you would choose. Adamas University quenches your thirst for knowledge and shapes your career for a better future.

Communication Management-Influence, persuade, manage and control the flow of communication

Commenting on language, Federico Fellini, the acclaimed Italian film director once said “A different language is a different vision of life”. The same goes for communication. An embodiment of human emotions manifested through diverse means and tools – advertisement, public relations (PR), corporate communications and so on. How can you control free-flowing human emotions? Like a bridge that tames a river to attain productive outcome, communication management controls the flow of information both online and offline through systematic planning, implementation and monitoring of all channels of intra and inter-organizational communication to achieve an efficient system of communication dissemination.

MBA in Communication Management program offered by the Department of Communication Management, Adamas University, Kolkata, trains its students on the ways to design corporate communication strategies and devising internal and external communications directives. Our program is designed and delivered according to the 40:60 Educational Model, where the classroom teaching constitutes 40 per cent while the remaining 60 per cent is field-based training. How does our media education system cater to the dynamic world of communication? Let’s explore more.

As we are aware, Covid 19 has indeed impacted the communication and media ecosystem globally like never before. The revenue of traditional media houses is dwindling. Execution and administrative work will now mostly be done by artificial intelligence (AI). Clients are demanding from agencies creative insights and strategies. This adds to already existing conditions of increased noise, lesser attention span, media cacophony, diversified media, ever-increasing influencer list and the fast-evolving social media. The complexity of media ecosystem has just increased manifold.

The success of public relations or any communication professionals will depend on achieving measurable business impact. The pre-pandemic and post-pandemic expectations from industry and professionals may vary widely. Customer “sensitivity” that is undoubtedly is on an all-time high remains vigilant about the cause and statements from influencers and ambassadors of a brand. Here comes equipping our students with adequate and relevant skills. The MBA in Communication Management program promotes ethical consideration, compassionate outlook, and socially responsible approach among the learners. We mentor 24×7. Online study materials, videos and exercises are available round the clock. Our well-entrenched network facilitates regular networking of students with distinguished industry professionals. Workshops and training sessions are regularly conducted by experts from the industry. The learners participate in national and international seminars and conferences. Internships, industry visit and familiarization tours/visits to relevant facilities enhance their skills.

We believe in Experiential Learning – a process of learning through experience, and is more specifically defined as “learning through reflection on doing”. Experiential learning, participative learning and problem-solving methodologies are used to nurture the leaders of tomorrow.

Our Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) enable efficient interactions among students, faculty members and other stakeholders. Likewise, through Capacity-building, we “develop and strengthen” the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that organizations and communities need to survive, adapt, and thrive in a fast-changing world. “As a part of Skill development, we actively (1) identify skill gaps, and (2) develop and hone those skills.

Awareness of trends in technology as a skill refers to being mindful of the technology that is recently becoming popular and is readily accepted in the market or industry. Ideal technology trend awareness skills mean a person’s ability to either correspond to the industry-wide technology adoption or surpass it, which is our endeavour is to inculcate knowledge of technology in our students.

Our focus is research-oriented. The communications industry is dynamic and ever-evolving. Our focus includes research relating to situations and techniques to address the same.

Industry Orientation sits at the core of our courses at MBA in Communication Management. Many of our mentors and advisory board members are respected figures in the industry. Internships and industry-sponsored projects by students are compulsory. Our trainees are continuously exposed to the best practices, points of view and perspectives.

Entrepreneurship is the spirit of the day, and our program actively encourages the objective of entrepreneurship that inculcates competence to succeed in the market and confidence to create new ventures, and jobs in the economy.

Our constant endeavour is to advance the agenda of Global Standards and Outreach. Our curriculum follows best-in-class global standards. We have a mix of faculty members from academia and the industry with extensive international exposure. International tie-ups and regular connections through specially designed events are our speciality.

Whether its Consumer Behaviour, Brand Management, Communication Management & Experiential Marketing or Entertainment Media Revenues or any subjects that you choose from the bouquet of the subjects that we offer – our program comes with courses like Human Resource Management, Economics, Finance, Information Technology and Soft skills to transform you into a complete professional.

Our placements and internships include compulsory industry internship. Reputed news organizations from across the country and abroad hire the passed-out trainees. The salaries offered to passed-out trainees are at par with the best in the industry.

What are you waiting for? Join MBA in Communication Management and experience the world of difference.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology: A Guide to Skilled Technicians

What is Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology (BSc MLT) Program?
Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology (BSc MLT) is an undergraduate course of 3 years, which is divided into six semesters (two semesters per academic year). It is a paramedical program that offers practical and theoretical knowledge related to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various kinds of ailments and health problems through various clinical laboratory tests. Students will get an exposure regarding how to perform the analysis of different body fluids during their course of study which includes haematological, bacteriological, immunological, chemical, histopathological and microscopical evaluation.

Admission Criteria:
Students must have scored a minimum of 55% marks in their higher secondary examination in science stream and should have Physics, Chemistry and Biology or Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology as their compulsory subjects in 12th standard to be eligible for admission. Adamas University offering BSc MLT courses provides admission to the students on the basis of entrance examination conducted by the institute. However, students are also eligible for direct admission based on merit.

Objectives:
The main objective of the course is to provide a comprehensive knowledge to the students with respect to various techniques of testing that are conducted as a part of diagnosis of various diseases such as blood test, blood typing, urine analysis and other tests without any errors. The course includes the study of diagnosing a disease by utilizing a clinical laboratory. It also involves a proper analysis of the reports of laboratory tests required to treat a particular disease using the best medical procedures and facilities. In the modern era of medical science, treatment for any disease is completely reliant on the diagnostic tests performed in the laboratory. This highlights the significance of this program in the medical and health sector. For various job positions after completion of this course, the average annual salary ranges from INR 2 Lakhs to 6 lakhs per annum. However, the salary keeps on increasing with experience and expertise.

Course Highlights:
• Program- Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology
• Abbreviation- BSc MLT
• Level- Graduate
• Duration- 3 year
• Eligibility- 10+2 from any recognized education board
• Admission Process- Entrance exam and merit-based
• Possible Job Positions- Medical Laboratory Technician, Medical Laboratory Technologist, Clinical Laboratory Technician, Lab Technologist, Biochemist, Phlebotomist, Medical Phlebotomist, Clinical Laboratory Technologist, etc.
• Expected Average Salary- INR 2 lakhs to 6 lakhs per annum.

Why study BSc MLT?
BSc MLT is one of the perfect courses for those students who want to make themselves skilled professionals in medical field because in this course the students will go through the relevant training and gain the required skill set to work efficiently in medical sector. Medical science is one of the finest areas which is in high demand and a career in the same is chosen by candidates with an interest in the healthcare sector. Medical lab technicians play a crucial role in the conduction of various activities related to the diagnostic and pathology laboratories. BSc MLT syllabus consists of subjects that inculcate the skills in the students required to handle advanced equipments so as to perform accurate laboratory tests. This course empowers the students to go for various educational, hospital, governmental sectors as they can run a laboratory, consultancy services as well as health care centres. This enables the graduates to opt for higher degree programs in various specializations which can include any of the following:
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Medical Technology.
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Nuclear Medicine Technology.
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Medical Imaging Technology.
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Nuclear Medicine Technology.
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Medical Lab Technology
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Medical Lab Technology.
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Medical Technology.
• Master of Science (M. Sc) in Medical Imaging Technology.

Scope:
Graduates have immense opportunities to establish their career in different spheres after completion of the course. The academic and technical proficiencies of the technician determine the job opportunities in this area. Graduates have numerous scope of working as Phlebotomist, Medical Laboratory Technologist, Clinical Laboratory Technician, Lab Technologist, Biochemist and Medical Phlebotomist, Clinical Laboratory Technologist, Medical Laboratory Technician. A skilled and efficient graduate in this field is liable to acquire challenging positions in different hospitals in public or private sectors such as emergency centres, blood donor centres, laboratories, etc.

The scope of this course is very wide. After BSc MLT course, candidates have ample of great opportunities in many fields anywhere in the world. The scope linked to the course includes the following:
• A career in this field is amongst the most challenging and satisfying careers in today’s market. Everyday, a technician/technologist gets to learn something new, which is great for their career.
• A number of Medical Laboratory Technicians can find employment in pathology labs, research labs, urology labs, pharmaceutical sector, hospitals and in many other areas.
• Apart from the above opportunities, an aspirant can also pursue a career in the education field as a lecturer. With passing years, the course has multiplied in terms of what a student learns during the course, thereby multiplying the scope as well. The scope has significantly expanded and a number of opportunities have been on the rise.
• The Medical Laboratory Technology field includes areas such as blood banking, clinical chemistry, haematology, immunology, microbiology, cytotechnology, urine analysis, blood sampling, etc. There are innumerable fields that can serve as suitable career options for the graduates.
• BSc MLT provides ample job opportunities in the healthcare sector. Every hospital and healthcare sector needs clinical lab technicians to detect problems and diseases affecting the patients. Hence, it is creating more job opportunities for the graduates of BSc MLT. Medical Laboratory Technology profession has a positive impact on people’s health.

#AU4CHANGE: A SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENT WITH PARTICIPATORY AND COLLECTIVE LEARNING

Covid-19 is no longer just a virus-induced infectious disease. It is much more than that. In fact, it wouldn’t be an overstatement if we were to dub it as an unprecedented phenomenon. While acknowledging its disastrous consequences, we should have no qualms in accepting that it has been the biggest catalyst of instantaneous changes that we have encountered in our daily lives. As the second wave of the disease continues to ravage India, our lifestyles have turned upside down.

The sweeping changes due to Covid-19 have gripped all areas of human life. The field of academics has been one of the biggest areas of change. The nature of the virus is such that it requires people to stay indoors and interact with each other virtually. Thus, technology-mediated virtual learning has become the alternative for physical learning. Classroom-centric learning has given way to app-based remote learning.

Although, online interactions constitute the only way to continue learning at this juncture, the absence of personal touches and the monotony of continuously sitting in front of the computers have created a peculiar negative inertia among learners. Across the world, the euphoria that was associated with online learning towards the beginning of the pandemic is hardly there. Teachers, therefore, are having a tough time maintaining the interest level of the learners.

Like every other academic across the globe, yours truly, being a humble media teacher at the School of Media and Communication (SOMC) under the Kolkata-based Adamas University (AU), was finding it an uphill task to retain learners’ attention during online classes. It was contingent on me to try an alternative mechanism. This is where I thought I would pass the buck to the learners themselves so that the intensity and quantum of their involvement could be significantly enhanced.

On an experimental basis, I applied this decided reversal of roles for a course entitled ‘Contemporary Media Issues’, which is taught to the fourth-semester students of Bachelor of Arts [B.A. (Honours)] in Journalism and Mass Communication (J.M.C.). According to the deal that I had with the students, the entire class of 45 students was divided into three groups. Each group was given the responsibility to take care of two modules out of a total of six that were included in the course curriculum. Each group has a name, a captain and a vice-captain. Therefore, on a given instructional day, the captain of the assigned group would pick up a topic from the two decided modules and initiate the discussion. It is worthwhile to mention that the captain of a group is responsible for informing the topic in advance to me so that I can also prepare accordingly. During the class, each member of the assigned group would speak for a certain amount of time so that the entire topic is covered in a nutshell. I would also add my inputs to the discussion and invite members from other groups to contribute their ideas.

Initially, the quality of discussions wasn’t up to the mark and many learners couldn’t express their ideas owing to an inability to speak English. However, with sustained motivations, learners slowly started coming out of their shells. With some confidence, now I can say that the classes are a lot more interactive than what was the case earlier.

Additionally, each group is responsible for finding out all the resources pertaining to their assigned modules and distributing the same amongst all the learners. Not only does it enhance the researching skills of the learners, it also significantly adds to their repertoire of knowledge.

This technique had a significant bearing on enhancing the collective attendance of the learners. Additionally, all of them felt responsible for the course thereby inspiring collective learning. Learning essentially needs to be a democratic process and this procedure significantly added to the democratic fervour.

Participatory and group learning is the order of the day. As a teacher, it was my honest attempt to introduce the same at my school.

While depression among learners is at an all-time high subject to an uncertain future and reduced career opportunities, it is equally true that teachers have an inescapable responsibility to uplift their spirit. I am sure that a little bit of innovation can go a long way in reviving the confidence of learners on the teaching-learning process. The rest, they say, is history.

Why Computer Science?

“The Computer was born to solve the problem that did not exist before” – Bill Gates.

As a machine reduces the work effort, so does a computer for a typical complex computation. Computer science forces you to deal with a problem in a slightly different way which is a skill that can be applied to life itself. In the era of data, a computer is the most indispensable thing we can think of. Computer science gives you an opportunity in working and understanding hands-on the aspect of data.

Computer Science is the study of principles and the use of computers. The classical areas for a computer science course include discrete mathematics, data structure, theory of computation, compiler design, analysis and designing of Algorithm. The advanced study includes artificial intelligence (AI), computer networks and security, database management systems, computer vision and graphics, numerical analysis, software engineering, bioinformatics.

Apart from this, a computer engineer is supposed to be known as a fluent coder. Coding is the ‘Bread and Butter’ for all computer engineers. Programming or coding is an intriguing sector as it gives us the superpower to regulate computer programs on the go. The main goal for a computer engineer is to make a problem understandable to a machine so that it could solve the problem obligingly. The fluency and smoothness of an application are solely based on the way you design the code. C, the mother of all programming languages, is a general-purpose programming language that is extremely popular, simple, and flexible to use. It helps a programmer to build the base of designing a program. It is a structured programming language that is machine-independent and extensively used to write various applications, Operating Systems like Windows, and many other complex programs like Oracle database, Git, Python interpreter, and more. Java, a high-level programming language, is also the most popular language for its design structure using object-oriented concepts (OOP). When it comes to the web, Java is unparallel. Most of the web-based applications are based on java. Apart from this, there are several programming languages like c++, python, Matlab, R to name a few.

There are innumerable and varied specialization and career options for a computer engineer. After completing his/her B.Tech degree a student may get absorbed in the software industry or may opt for higher studies. There are multiple sub-division and specializations in Computer Engineering which require applications in various sectors. Student can also pursue B.Tech degree in various applied fields:

AI/ML: Artificial Intelligence (AI) are emerging fields that will shape and dominate the future of this universe. Data is one of the most important assets of a company or government agency. It helps us to predict the future based on past experiences. AI has the potential to vastly change the way that humans interact, not only with the digital world but also with each other, through their work and other socioeconomic institutions – for better or for worse. A vast volume of data can be analysed by using a smart alternative, Machine Learning. It can produce an accurate result by designing a fast and efficient model for real-time data.
Blockchain: The duration of the course for B.Tech with specialization in blockchain is four years. Blockchain is currently booming and one of the most popular technologies that have invaded to almost every industry in the world. The world is changing its shape towards cryptocurrency. In near future, Bitcoin will be one of the popular transaction media. The main technology behind this is the blockchain. The technology will help the student to learn different algorithms and to curate the bitcoin on their own.
Cyber Security: Cybersecurity provides an expertise insight analysis on global security threats. In the world of web, to provide a secure web service is one of the main goals. The course on Cyber Security will help to learn different algorithms along with the expertization on ethical hacking, penetration testing, digital forensics. There are immense career avenues open for specialization in cybersecurity. This includes Security software developer, security analyst, security architect etc.
M.Tech Degree in Computer Science: Apart from doing graduation and going for an early job, a student may go for a master’s degree in computer science and engineering along with the specialized degree discussed above.

With the knowledge and concept in the domain, a computer science engineer can be eligible for an immense variety of job opportunities. Some of them are jotted below:

Computer Science engineers are the primary resource of the software industry. With a sound concept in the subject, a student can crack any of the big houses easily.
Government sectors such as I.S.R.O, B.H.E.L, etc are recruiting computer science engineers having a good GATE score.
Interdisciplinary research is a new trend for Computer Science students. Inter-disciplinary subjects such as IoT, Bioinformatics provides a huge contribution in research for computer science students.
Apart from interdisciplinary research, mainstream research in computer science also provides a huge scope for the student both nationally and internationally.

As a computer science engineer, there are plenty of opportunities in Government sectors as well as private sectors. A focused, sincere and conceptual student has all the possibilities to touch the sky.

MINDS AND CRIMES: STUDYING THE LAW AND MIND BEHIND A CRIME

Crime in today’s era is one of the most growing factors in the world. In such an hour of need, we need more people who have an understanding of the criminal law. In our everyday life, we hear about murder, rape, people getting attacked, robbed, and many other criminal offences against people. The suffering of the victims is increasing day by day. Criminal Law is the one that protects people against such offences. Understanding the law does not only mean finding a way to punish the person committing the crime but also protecting the person who has been falsely accused.

Criminal Law consists of rules, regulations, and statutes which define the action of a person which violates public rights and also disrupts public safety and welfare. In India, one of the oldest branches of law in Criminal Law. It protects people against crime as well as punishes the one who commits such crime. One of the main focus of Criminal Law is to determine the guilt of the person as well as the consequences of such conduct and what punishment such person deserves who committed such crime.

Criminal Law Honors also includes various other fields of study such as Criminology which teaches us how the mind of criminals works and how to proceed further with it. Also, about different kinds of crime and offences in the society like White Collar Crime, Manual Scavenging, Food Adulteration, etc. With these different views and knowledge, it becomes quite interesting to stud and implement in reality. It covers all the areas and perspectives of crime as there is in society.

A Candidate may study Ba.LLB, BBA.LLB or BSc.LLB after passing his 10+2. In this 5 Year of the Course, all the law subjects mentioned in the law curriculum are the same in the above-mentioned courses. Any Candidate can choose Criminal Law Honors as their specialization in this 5-year course along with other specialization available in the course. Though, eligibility criteria for the course of Criminal Law may vary from one college to other. A candidate may apply to a different college and university after clearing their Higher Secondary.

Even with the introduction of various kinds of specialization in the field of law, Criminal Law stands as one of the most preferable courses. Candidates can pursue Undergraduate (UG) and Postgraduate (PG) in the field of Criminal Law. To pursue Criminal Law, the inspiring candidate needs to pursue integrated law programs in UG and directly pursue Criminal Law specialization in PG level law. There are different kinds of courses offered in the PG level Criminal Law are LLM in Criminal Law, LLM in Criminal and Security Law, LLM in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice and Administrative Law, LLM in Criminal and Business Law, LLM in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, etc. Candidates can also pursue diplomas and certificate courses in the field of Criminal Law.

The course includes not only the subjects relating to Criminal Law but also many extra co-curricular activities like Moot Courts, Court Room Exercise, Debates, Judgment Writing, etc. These extra co-curricular activities provide the candidates a diverse mindset and prepare them for their future endeavours. These practices teach the candidates about Court Room and its etiquette and prepare its students for their future practices, make them better at argumentation and how to present themselves in the courtroom. These practices also focus on the overall personality development of the candidates.

The Students also get the opportunities to do internships which give them exposure throughout their course. The students are required to at least do One Internship every year. Students can do an internship under Advocates, in NGOs, Law Firms, Judges Etc. Internship helps the students understand the work before fully-fledged. The goal of the internship is to give the students to experience practical working and see firsthand the application of the law. This also helps the students to decide what sector they wish to work in after graduating.

After the completion of the course at the UG level, the candidate can go ahead with their study in Criminal Law at PG level or opt for a job. There are many job opportunities available for Criminal Law students. Some of those are Criminal Litigator, Legal Advisor, and Judicial Officer and also can appear for various government jobs entrance exams. The opportunities are many; a person can also join Law Firms or private companies for work.

Hence, increasing criminal cases in India requires more people with knowledge of criminal law. Criminal Law Honors has a very wide perspective in the field of law. As mentioned earlier, it is not only about punishing the wrongdoer, but also protecting the ones who are innocent. Benjamin Franklin said that “it is better 100 guilty Persons should escape than that one innocent Person should suffer”. This can be achieved by the people having proper knowledge of the law. So, our society requires people not only with the knowledge of Criminal Law but with all the extra expertise they carry.

CYBER SECURITY AND FORENSICS

If a student is looking for a job that is truly recession-proof even during the current economic upheaval, he/she need not look any further. There is indeed a specialization that is now ranked 4^th largest among all technology domains and boasts of zero unemployment. This specialization is none other than Cyber Security.

As technology progresses, an ever-higher percentage of humanity is relying on computers and computer-aided devices to carry out their daily activities. Right from simple web browsing to e-commerce transactions, banking / financial activities, social networking and other specialized tasks, we use our computers for a large part of the day. This trend is steadily going up and computer usage is ever increasing. In India, 23% of urban households and 4% of rural households owned a computer in 2019. Over 350 Million Indians (26% of the population) own a smartphone.

However, the crooks are getting smarter as well and are getting armed with an ever-increasing arsenal of complex and consistent tools (like viruses, Trojans or other forms of malware) to wrest control of online activities and data in an unfair manner. As per CybersercurityVentures.com data, the total value of cyber crimes is expected to touch a mind-boggling USD 6 Trillion in 2021. This is where Cyber Security comes in – experts in this technology work as online policemen to prevent, detect or repair cyber attacks or its effects.

An interesting case in hand is that of Antivirus developers like McAfee, Norton or Quick Heal. Malicious software gets released into the system in a regular, almost continuous, basis. These companies have to be on their toes – bringing out a solution almost immediately and push it to all users to prevent any damage. The turnaround time is very short – often in minutes – for these engineers. Thus, a complete command on the technology is expected.

Students who would like to make a career in Cyber Security can also branch out to the related field of Ethical Hacking. Professional ethical hackers use their skills to benevolently identify and penetrate security loopholes in computer systems to pre-empt malicious attacks. These professional are hired with very high pay packages by all application development companies to make their product secure and tamper-proof.

Cyber Security professionals have other specializations to consider as well. One popular option is computer forensics. Specialists in this area collect and analyze data from computing devices and store them in an acceptable format so that they can be presented as evidence in case the security of the machine is breached. Then, there are specialists associated with particular domains like internet security, network security, data security and information security who deal with the safety of systems and users in specific areas. All in all, the primary job of a Cyber Security engineer is to identify risks, prevent attacks and ensure the safety of online users.

But then, if someone wants to become a Cyber Security engineer by professions, what are the study options available? Based on a study of the various options available for students in India, there seem to be two broad choices:

Study a basic engineering course in any discipline (preferably related to computer science) followed by a specialized training in Cyber Security.
Study a specialized course of Cyber Security at UG level.

Upon careful comparison, it turns out that the first option is costlier and takes a longer duration than the second one. Cyber Security typically does not have a significant presence in the undergraduate syllabi of Indian universities and may be offered as a 1-semester course. Post-graduation, the student needs to enrol in a specialized course mostly offered by private players, which is time-consuming and costly. Keeping these difficulties in mind, AICTE has allowed Indian universities to offer undergraduate courses specializing in Cyber Security wherein the student gains the entire knowledge within the UG course duration itself without having to spend any extra time or money to meet the expanding market demand.

As of now, almost all of the undergraduate courses in Cyber Security are offered as an Engineering stream. For example, Adamas University in Kolkata offers a B.Tech course in Computer Science, specializing in Cyber Security, which allows a student to gain the complete expertise within a period of 4 years. The student can directly approach relevant companies for suitable placement after completion of this course.

So, what does a student learn in a typical Cyber Security course? In addition to the normal course structure in B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering, these programs have specialized semester-long courses on:

Data Security (Theory & Lab)
Network Security & Governance (Theory & Lab)
Ethical Hacking (Theory & Lab)
Digital Forensics (Theory & Lab)
Internet Security

And more courses depending on the curriculum structure defined by the University. The students learn the technology of blocking threats, creating and implementing a firewall, mitigating risks and ensuring the well-being of the computer user. With the popularity of mobile smartphones and their extensive usage for communication and transactions, security of these devices are also an important requirement and are a part of any course on Cyber Security.

Thus, if one wants an interesting, dynamic and recession-proof career with a high pay package and has a willingness to fight against malicious intentions, then cybersecurity may be just appropriate.